Tag: Student

  • 5 Powerful Study Habits to Share With Your Students

    5 Powerful Study Habits to Share With Your Students

    5 Powerful Study Habits to Share With Your Students for College and School; Some students love being in school and proceed to enjoy every minute of their college days. Their learning experience later rewards them with the best grades. They have learned the art of effective studying, enabling them to maximize all opportunities available in school.

    Here are the articles to explain, 5 Powerful Study Habits to Share With Your College and School Students

    Good students never seem to struggle with any essay or research paper. Their coursework is completed on time. Exam results give a good account of their time in college. Unfortunately for other students, time seems to fly by without anything to show for it. Poor grades dominate their transcripts. The secret that defines these two categories of students is their study habits.

    5 Powerful Study Habits to Share With Your College and School Students Image
    5 Powerful Study Habits to Share With Your College and School Students; Photo by Pexels lil artsy.

    Each student has a unique approach to education. However, the uniqueness should work to your advantage. Here are universally accepted best practices while studying to guarantee the best grade and a rewarding college experience.

    Seek assignment help

    Schoolwork can be extremely overwhelming. It requires you to study for long hours, draft papers, edit, and proofread. You must also create time to revise for exams and work on personal projects like blogs or a business. Can I pay someone to do my assignment for me while I rest or attend to other more interesting engagements? Writing services will assist you in completing any academic task, leaving more room for personal engagements.

    Check the best assignment writing services online. Reviews of homework help services will enable you to pick the most reliable one. You may also ask for recommendations from other students. They will send you to writing services and writers who have provided the most reliable homework services.

    Writing services reduce the time you spend in the library or at the study desk. You create more time to rest, reducing pressure while in school. A restful mind and body will concentrate in class as well as produce captivating ideas when writing essays. The free time you get from homework help can be used to start a business or take a part-time job.

    Embrace technology

    Technology will make your studying easier. Also, Writing apps are part of the technology that will reduce your study time. Record lectures and replay them when revising or to capture a concept you may have missed.

    Educational apps also help you to draft essays, cite sources, and format your paper. It reduces the time you take to complete assignments. Apps also enhance the accuracy of your essays. For instance, they can be used to cite sources in your essay accurately. They ensure the right structure and formatting. Technology will enable you to produce an accurate paper.

    Manage your time

    Time management determines your productivity in college. Every minute must be spent working towards your academic work and personal growth. Proper time management helps you to avoid a last-minute rush to submit your assignments before the deadline.

    Use homework planners to control your time. Start working on assignments as soon as they are issued. Identify and stick to your priorities. Proper time management will also allow you to explore other capabilities like sports, business, and arts.

    Minimize distractions

    Effective studying requires you to focus on your current task. Avoid distractions like music, uninvited conversations, video games, and internet notifications. These distractions take your mind away from the tasks, slowing your progress.

    Identify the best time to study, write essays, or work on personal projects. The absence of distractions enables you to use your time effectively. Set up a room or space where you can study without noise or interference. Also, Monitor your efficiency at different hours of the day or night to better understand the most effective time to study.

    Learn to take breaks

    Fatigue will kill your productivity and creativity. Take a break after two hours of study. Walk around the library, take a favorite drink, chat with friends, browse social media, or switch tasks. The brain feels rejuvenated once you return from a break. It will, therefore, work faster and produce more compelling ideas. Burnout will have long-term damage to your body and brain.

    Positive habits will make your college years enjoyable. They help you understand the concepts taught in class and obtain the best grades. Homework help and the use of technology are some of the tips to make your college years exciting.

  • The 6 Benefits or Advantages of Bilingualism for Students

    The 6 Benefits or Advantages of Bilingualism for Students

    Bilingualism Benefits and Advantages for Students; Being a college student has many challenges, from balancing classes and homework with a social life to finding ways to support yourself financially. One thing that can help you navigate all of these obstacles is being bilingual. When many students hear the word bilingual, what runs through their minds is that they would have to learn a new language. While this may be true, there are several other benefits to being bilingual that can help you succeed in college and beyond.

    Here are the articles to explain, The 6 Benefits or Advantages of Bilingualism for Students

    In addition to providing practical benefits in the workplace, learning another language has many other advantages for students that can benefit them both during their time in college and beyond. Here are six benefits or advantages of being bilingual:

    The 6 Benefits or Advantages of Bilingualism for Students Image
    The 6 Benefits or Advantages of Bilingualism for Students; Photo by Nothing Ahead from Pexels

    Enhanced Cognitive Functioning

    Being bilingual has stood shown to improve cognitive functioning, or the ability of your brain to process and retain information. Studies have found that bilinguals score higher on standardized tests, for instance, the ACT and SAT. Then those who only speak one language. This enhanced cognitive functioning can also help students remember information more quickly. Which can be invaluable when studying and taking tests. For this reason, you should find time to learn at least one other language during your college years. Whether it’s through a formal course or by finding a language partner. Having a professional test taker for hire helped me learn Spanish!

    Better Multitasking Skills

    Another advantage of being bilingual is the ability to multitask more effectively than monolinguals. Studies have shown that when people speak two or more languages. Their brains are better able to handle specific tasks at the same time while still keeping everything straight. For example, if you’re trying to study for an exam and need to look up something online simultaneously. Speaking another language can help you do both tasks without becoming overwhelmed or stressed. Instead of having one mental space for each task, multilingual have several mental spaces working together simultaneously. Which allows them to be more productive and focused.

    Increased Cultural Understanding

    Being bilingual can also help increase your cultural awareness. As you will be able to understand the nuances of another language and culture more fully than monolinguals would. For example, when speaking in a different language. It may seem as though people are talking about two completely different topics at once. But they’re just using wordplay or other linguistic devices that are unique to that particular language or culture. By learning to speak another language, you can gain access to this subtle yet crucial cultural nuance to understand people from other cultures and regions better. This increased cultural understanding is especially beneficial for students who plan on studying abroad during college. As it will help them make new friends and adapt to the local culture more easily.

    Improved Communication Skills

    As a college student, you will likely have several opportunities to interact with people from different backgrounds and cultures. This can include your classmates, professors, and other faculty members who may come from different countries or have diverse cultural experiences that you would benefit from learning about. Being bilingual allows you to communicate with these people in their native language, helping you better understand and connect with them on an interpersonal level. This can be a considerable advantage socially and professionally after graduation. Especially if you are interested in pursuing careers requiring international travel or working within multicultural organizations or with diverse populations.

    Improved Career Opportunities

    In addition to the practical advantages of being bilingual in communication, many employers are looking for individuals speaking multiple languages, mainly if they work with customers or clients from different backgrounds. Being able to communicate directly in a native language is often seen as a sign of respect and can be an essential factor when it comes to promotions and other opportunities for career advancement. Being bilingual also opens up more job possibilities for people after graduation. Whether you decide to take your first job out of college or pursue graduate school. Allows you more flexible options in terms of location and type of work. This can be especially useful if you’re interested in careers that provide international travel. Such as diplomacy, international business, and education.

    Improved Academic Performance

    As mentioned earlier, research has shown that being bilingual can help improve a student’s cognitive functioning and, therefore, academic performance. Students who speak multiple languages are more likely to do well in college. Because they can better understand course content, learn more quickly, and retain large amounts of information. This is especially important for students who plan to graduate after college. Graduate programs typically require much larger workloads than undergraduate courses and place an even greater emphasis on thinking critically about the content and analyzing information effectively.

    Conclusion

    There you have it – six critical benefits and advantages of bilingualism for college students. Whether you are planning on studying abroad, pursuing a career that requires international travel, or want to learn another language for fun, being bilingual can give you an edge in all sorts of different ways. So what are you waiting for? Start learning a new language today and see how much your college experience can improve!

  • After graduating do a college student career or find a job

    After graduating do a college student career or find a job

    How to the best option for a college student career or find a job. Many college students are very confused when looking. So it is very easy to fall into the vortex of choosing a job first or getting a job first, and cannot make a choice. Indeed, everyone’s initial work experience is very important, because it will deeply affect people’s future careers. Therefore, as a freshman, a college student who is like a blank sheet of paper must be cautious when choosing a career or employment first. consider. Today, the editor of Job’s resume will use this as a topic to share his views with you.

    Here are the articles to explain, After graduating do a college student career or find a job first?

    According to the survey, choosing a career after employment has become the choice of most college students. 51% of students choose employment first and then employment, and 25% choose employment first and then employment. Another 14% choose to continue their studies, and only 10% choose to start a business after graduation. This statistical result shows that most graduates have realized the difficulty of choosing a career. 65% of college students who choose “employment first and then career choice” and “continue to further study” already know that to find an ideal workplace, they must have a solid foundation of knowledge, technology, and experience.

    The survey results show that most graduates are beginning to take a more flexible stance when it comes to career choices. There are so many college students who choose to work first and then choose a career. Which seems to indicate a phenomenon. Maybe most college students don’t know what industry they want to do. They don’t know what they want to do. Mindset entered the workplace.

    Additional

    Some people may think that it seems inappropriate to get a job first. If you find that you don’t like this job after some time, it is very laborious to change jobs. But in fact, it is not unwise to get a job first under different circumstances. choose. For example, when students don’t know what kind of work they want to do. It may be a better choice to enter the workplace as soon as possible. Maybe they can learn to gradually discover their interests at work and understand what industry they want to do. But if you are just very confused and think about it every day without taking action. You will only be more confused, which is bad.

    If you don’t like doing the job, you can change it to a better option. It may be laborious, but the effort pays off. For students who have defined their career goals, choosing a career is a better choice, and at the same time. They can formulate a clear career plan for themselves.

    I have a better solution to the distressing question of whether to career or find a job first after graduation or to choose a job first. That is, students can start to have work experiences such as internships during the freshman or sophomore holidays. If they can experience as much work experience as possible in their student career, it will definitely inspire students when choosing a job, and even It can let them find the job or industry they like in advance, and they can also earn some change, so why not do that?

    After graduating do a college student career or find a job Image
    After graduating do a college student career or find a job
  • The Best Inspirational Sentences for Students in 2022

    The Best Inspirational Sentences for Students in 2022

    Simple Inspirational Sentences for Students in 2022. When we cannot be others, we must first be ourselves; when we want to surpass others, we must surpass ourselves first.

    Here are the articles to explain, How the Best Inspirational Sentences for Students in 2022

    The following are the best inspirational sentences for students collected by the editor. Welcome to read.

    • Have a dream that will never come true. The ideal value is a process of realizing value and profit in a planned way. Dreams are priceless, so they often fail to sell.
    • People live without money, it is not pain, making money is a living force, and it is fun to start from scratch; people have money, but they can’t use it, and they are tired when they have money.
    • In life communication, the more I think about what I can do for others, the better the relationship; the more I think about what others can do for me, the worse the relationship.
    • There is no smooth sailing life, failure is not sad, sadly there is no recovery, and the success of the whole life is forever abandoned.
    • Once upon a time, helpless, lost, came here! There is not much desire and integration for new things. Every week I just want to get home quickly and find a release.
    • Don’t blame others or try to cover up mistakes in the workplace, instead of bravely taking on and trying to solve problems. If someone dares not take responsibility, it shows his weak character. This ends up being the “culprit” that kills your career.
    • I’m trying to make my habit of you disappear and let go slowly. It’s like if a single stream can’t flow into the sea that he should go to, let him dry up to the desert.

    1 Inspirational Sentences

    • Everyone’s mental journey is unique. Looking back on every bit of the journey will make one’s heart enlightened and enriched. Therefore, we are no longer full of fears about the future, and leave a good hope, which has always led us to work hard and live a good life.
    • If you don’t work hard and surpass the average person, then you will only fall behind others.
    • Confidence reaches from power, and power comes from hard work.
    • It has become a fragment of memory, even if you try to piece it together.
    • Strive to create conditions to turn the impossible into reality.
    • The dream is for oneself, and joy is for everyone. All have an imagination of their own.
    • Life is like a trip. What matters is not the destination, but the scenery along the way and the emotion of seeing the scenery. May you treat your work as a trip and your home as scenery, and you will always have a good mood to see the scenery.

    2 Inspirational Sentences

    • Only with reverse thinking can you win by surprise.
    • All things are impermanent, and they are born according to causation and perish according to causation; birth and death, there is no end, and silence is the most bliss.
    • Believe in your future and work hard. When you look back, you don’t know when your dream has come true. You will see that you have taken many efforts.
    • Life is like a paddy field. It needs water to irrigate and thrive. Life is like a flower. It needs green leaves to set off the beauty and charm. Life is like a big tree. outstanding.
    • Know too much and see too thoroughly, and you will become an orphan in the world. As long as you work hard to be your best self, life is sufficient.
    • How can plum blossoms be fragrant without going through a cold brew?
    • Sunflowers in the rain make people feel at ease – the dim sky, the gray tile ridges against the white rain curtain, and the trees are also silent, suppressing the lively nature. Only the sunflower, standing proudly and shining with a scorching brilliance, her sun-like brilliance makes people feel bright… She gracefully stretched out her palm to receive the nectar of the rain, and was ecstatically intoxicated in the sound of rain, she even I didn’t realize that this pure sound was played by the strings of the rain that I fiddled with…

    3 Inspirational Sentences

    • If you continue to visit here, you may never achieve the end.
    • Luck only likes people who are firm and persistent. The harsher the environment, the more opportunity for success. If you back down from the battle, you will never be favored by the god of luck; only by facing difficulties can you seize the opportunities behind the difficulties.
    • I will tell myself every day to control my emotions, not complain, and be cautious in my words and deeds. This is not to make myself weak and without character, but to improve me slowly. In everything, do not speculate on others with malice, do not block others with self-interest, do not belittle yourself, and do not slander others. This is the most basic need for yourself.
    • Sometimes flowers bloom, sometimes flowers fall, there is no need for nostalgia, what should go must go eventually; no need to be demanding, what should come will come sooner or later. Occasionally, parting is just a matter of turning roughly. Yesterday, the fingers were intertwined, but today they are different. You will never know how strong you are, until one day you have no option but to be strong. Good morning!
    • Although there are thousands of kinds of sadness, silence is the saddest; when you grow up, be prepared that everyone will leave.
    • Be a virtuous woman, cook dishes and soups, nourish his stomach, and keep “home temperature” at all times. Be a talented woman, with skills and qualities, to help her husband in his career.
    • No matter how thick the dark clouds are, they will eventually dissipate one day.

    4 Inspirational Sentences

    • The meaning of life is hidden in difficulties. People are born to overcome difficulties. Only when we dare to overcome difficulties, our life will be meaningful and full of surprises!
    • In my life, idlers are not allowed to enter.
    • Those who can command themselves will soon be able to command others.
    • Don’t think about human affairs all day long, think about who likes me and who doesn’t like me. You have more important things to do, think shallowly about people and think deeply about your work. Work hard, and don’t overthink things for someone else’s words.
    • Good and bad are all predestined in the dark! Come on, I hope you use up all your bad luck soon, good luck will come naturally! come on!
    • There is no success for granted, and there is no unreasonable mediocrity. Life can be roving and lonely, but the heart must have a refuge. Be patient and be healthy; someday, the hurt you’ve endured will support you.
    • The more pleasant and pleasing the words are, the more you have to listen carefully and vigilantly. Also, The more unpleasant words are, the more you have to listen patiently and earnestly.

    5 Inspirational Sentences

    • Enter the door of my lovesickness, and know that I am of lovesickness.
    • Success is not something that will come in the future, but a continuous accumulation from the moment you decide to do it.
    • Youth is like smoking. Smoke is flying. Soot is falling.
    • Life is full of uncertainty and surprises.
    • I love your motherland, I love you with the five-star red flag!
    • To achieve great things, you must take advantage of your youth.
    • There is another kind of success in this world, which is to live your life in the way you like.

    6 Inspirational Sentences

    • If the heart is not peaceful and clear, then even if you think all night long, it will be a mess after all. The original state of the mind is the state of zero. There is no distinction, no attachment, no self, no love or hate, no enmity, no good or bad. Originally it was quiet and natural. Live better. Good morning!
    • I was just sad, full of grievances and tears, and fell asleep full of worries, and then started all over again. Good morning!
    • Don’t care about success or failure. Also, Someone who has never forgotten must be a person who has never attempted anything.
    • ​​People who live in hope dance without music. ——Disney
    • The river of life is very broad, please take the paddle of hope and paddle to the dream you pursue; the river of life is very far-reaching, please spread the sail of struggle and sail to the paradise of desire; I wish you a better career Far!
    • Tell yourself to cherish the moment and be strong. If you persist, there will be something different from others, either good or miserable. No matter how different, don’t forget to stick to what you like.
    • When you are sad, hug yourself fiercely and tell yourself to be strong.

    7 Inspirational Sentences

    • Life is often too easy to be extreme, mainly because of the lack of courage to break the boat.
    • In the end, history will not change, and neither will religion. Also, He’s Shia, I’m Sunni, he’s Hazara, and I’m Pashtun.
    • Freedom of thought is the highest independence.
    • Nothing can come into being, and no water can flow from a seamless stone. Who can’t burn can only smoke – that’s the theorem. Long live the fire of life!
    • I think it is easier for people to be happy when they are pure. Just like sunflowers, as long as they can face the sun every day, they will be very happy.
    • My only shortcoming is a lot of money, and I don’t even have the only shortcoming at the moment, it’s almost perfect.
    • Don’t judge a person based on what you see, because what you see may be what the other person wants you to see.
    • Wisdom is an unbreakable garment, and knowledge is an inexhaustible treasure.

    Above 50+ inspirational sentences for students, you may understand and use in your goal.

    The Best Inspirational Sentences for Students in 2022 Image
    The Best Inspirational Sentences for Students in 2022; Photo by Lesly Juarez on Unsplash.
  • Hustles Students Earn Income by 4 Sides Use full Suggestion

    Hustles Students Earn Income by 4 Sides Use full Suggestion

    4 Side Hustles Students Can Use For Earn Income, Being a student, you know exams and the stress of studying truly cuts down on your time to work multiple jobs, but this doesn’t stop the light bill, car note, and rent so you have to find a way to make money that doesn’t involve all your time.

    Here is the article to explain, How Hustles Students Earn Income by 4 Sides with Use full Suggestion?

    Doing work online allows you to build side income without burning up all your time.  So I suggest you start looking for online earning websites you can trust that provide useful information.

    With this being said here are 4 ways for hustles students to earn a side income from home.

    1. Affiliate marketing;  This is the cheapest “big” business you can run as a student.  With affiliate marketing you have potential to earn 6 or 7 figures after years of implementation.  You can start affiliate marketing your freshman year, and be doing well by your Junior and Senior year.  With affiliate marketing you simply recommend other peoples products to people looking to buy.  Affiliate marketing is relatively easy if you focus on making review videos, blog posts, and proper seo promotion.
    2. Dropshipping;  Dropshipping is slighty more complicated than affiliate marketing.  With dropshipping you never touch the physical products you sell, you simply list the item for sale on your website, take the money, and then purchase wholesale from your supplier who then ships the item.  It’s a beautiful model that can make you 6 figures a year.
    3. Cryptocurrency;  To me this has the biggest potential.  I believe the world’s first trillionaire will be made through cryptocurrency.  The best thing about cryptocurrency is when you find a safe way to trade successfully.  I know of a cryptocurrency system that can make you 6 or 7 figures yearly every year starting with the 7.5 year career plan.  So, it takes 7.5 years of compound interest and you have residual income for life.

    All in all, each of these ways works for extra money.  If you want to make side money from home click the link.

    Hustles Students Earn Income by 4 Sides Use full Suggestion Image
    Hustles Students Earn Income by 4 Sides Use full Suggestion; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.
  • Student Success Time Management Importance Essay

    Student Success Time Management Importance Essay

    Student Success Time Management, What is the Importance for it with Essay? You’ll Understand; Many people face trouble With time management as we all know, In many cases, lack of time is there. Someone has to finish his a task is suitable to the lack of prioritizing the task. Often people tend to have trouble managing time because they try to manage too many tasks at a time; and, also many people just waste their time doing nothing just because of their pure laziness. Off lately time is becoming one of the most valuable resources; which waste by many people because they don’t know how to manage time.

    Importance Essay got Student Success in Time Management

    Many people in life do things that have no value to time. To prove this, walking through a dorm on a weeknight several students can find sitting around; and playing video games when they have a paper or an assignment due the very next day; and also can find employees sitting around the office playing solitaire; while the hours are meant to use to get productive work done. It observes that for many, time may not be of any great significance but to others, it lies of extreme importance. In my eye the constructive use of time is beneficial and that in any aspect of life one shall realize; the significance of time and must measure the value of every minute and each second.

    Speaking of the use of personal and professional use of the time I find that; the use of both in an appropriate way is important. Personal, as well as professional goals and objectives, achieve or un-achieve on the grounds of how one uses their skills. The results of one’s efforts directly attribute to the time management skills that; they develop and often employ in many cases. Speaking of each in sequence I’d discuss the following in detail. Target goals ahead are always good to plan the future; or, say before the assigned time to achieve the maximum output. Goal setting, goal setting is where the scheduled target map out.

    Essay part 01;

    It shall preplan to take up the top priorities and to schedule the major pieces of thought in advance; making good use of time effectively and smartly, Delegating or getting rid of the clutter, achieving a balance is equally important. Punctuality is an important character in the world that we live in; people need to make well use of the time that they have because time is scarce. When we talk of time management and the importance of time management for students; punctuality comes at the top of the list. Realizing the value of time and making good use of its essence.

    All the above can consider being the skills of effective time management. Let us move to the real topic of discussion. The above was important to have been discussed before the actual discussion; because I disclose all that I had in my mind and at the same time to bring forth the matters of discussion in sequence. There is a lot to say on that as it is a vast topic; let’s begin with the real key to effective time management; and how it relies on the focus of their goals by the individuals; as well as the choices these individuals make for their achievements.

    Essay part 02;

    The website of Counseling and Development Centre (CDC) 1999 March 16th stated the summary of time management principles and addressed the choices of how to best make use of your time. Coming to know what your goals are and what time is available to you helps you decide on good use of time and self-management. My day begins at 6:00 am every morning, I rush to have a shower, say my prayers, and have my breakfast at 7:00 am.

    Next, I have to catch my bus at the bus station; from home to the bus station it takes about 10 minutes or more. Then on it takes 45 minutes for me to get to college. in the meantime, as I travel I’d take a piece of reading material to make good use of the travel time daily (it can be a magazine, news article, a comic, or some sports update. I like listening to the radio too so often when I am not reading on the bus I’d probably listen to a radio programmed to pass time out. I’m at college from about 8:00 am to 8:10 am.

    Essay part 03;

    This certainly is when I’d sit back and relax or engage in a discussion with friends till it’s time for the class. At 8:30 am sharp the class begins and so does my actual day. I spend time studying and keeping myself engaged in multiple activities round the clock, utilizing each jiffy effectively. This includes all from making use of the computer labs to reading books at the college library. I come home after college watch T.V. hang out with friends over a pot of coffee at Starbucks or others go for a walk and sit for some net surfing. Late at night, I’d sit to study have dinner, and sleep and so the next day begins.

    Thus I need to draw a line at the end to the point that the most effective way of utilizing time is its effective use. I’m recalled by what I once read on “If Time Is Money, No Wonder I’m Not Rich” by Mary L. Sprouse that offers an introduction to financial planning, a guide to investments; and suggestions for applying Time Management Principles to Managing your Money. And this can only be done by getting serious about the ground realities of life, accepting the challenges, and working hard on targets and goals provided.

    Essay part 04;

    This will help attain success in life very easily, we use basic thinking skills in everyday life with less difficulty. Time is very crucial; people need to make the best of the time in their possession as by doing so a lot can achieve in their lives. Time being a limited resource means that a minute lost is hard to return; life is short people need to make the best of it by making every minute count, by doing so most people can achieve their goals in life.

    Students should generate a habit of utilizing time more efficiently and effectively. They are the new generation of the developed world therefore with the punctual character they could be unstoppable in the world. They can accomplish a lot in life therefore the world will be a better place. Time management is a skill that can learn; and, when done so can make life less stressful and productive. Everyone has different tasks assigned that need to be done differently.

    Student Success Time Management Importance Essay Image
    Student Success Time Management Importance Essay; Image by Mohamed Hassan from Pixabay.

    References; The Importance of Time Management for Students. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/education/time-management-for-students.php?vref=1

  • What is the Self-Efficacy? Meaning, Definition, and Source

    What is the Self-Efficacy? Meaning, Definition, and Source

    Self-Efficacy Meaning, Definition, and Source; Self-efficacy, also referred to as personal efficacy, is the extent or strength of one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals. Psychologists have studied self-efficacy from several perspectives, noting various paths in the development of self-efficacy; the dynamics of self-efficacy, and lack thereof, in many different settings; interactions between self-efficacy and self-concept; and habits of attribution that contribute to, or detract from, self-efficacy.

    What is Self-Efficacy? also explain their topic Meaning, Definition, and Source.

    Self-efficacy affects every area of human endeavor. By determining the beliefs, a person holds regarding his or her power to affect situations, strongly influences both the power a person actually has to face challenges competently and the choices a person is most likely to make. These effects are particularly apparent, and compelling, concerning behaviors affecting health.

    Meaning and Definition of Self-Efficacy?

    Perceived self-efficacy define as people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective, and selection processes.

    A strong sense of efficacy enhances human accomplishment and personal well-being in many ways. People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to master rather than as threats to avoid. Such an efficacious outlook fosters intrinsic interest and deep engrossment in activities. They set themselves challenging goals and maintain a strong commitment to them. They heighten and sustain their efforts in the face of failure. Also, They quickly recover their sense of efficacy after failures or setbacks.

    Continue

    They attribute failure to insufficient effort or deficient knowledge and skills which are acquirable. They approach threatening situations with assurance that they can exercise control over them. Such an efficacious outlook produces personal accomplishments, reduces stress, and lowers vulnerability to depression.

    In contrast, people who doubt their capabilities shy away from difficult tasks which they view as personal threats. Also, They have low aspirations and weak commitment to the goals they choose to pursue. When faced with difficult tasks, they dwell on their personal deficiencies, on the obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of adverse outcomes rather than concentrate on how to perform successfully. They slacken their efforts and give up quickly in the face of difficulties. They are slow to recover their sense of efficacy following failure or setbacks. Because they view insufficient performance as deficient aptitude it does not require much failure for them to lose faith in their capabilities. They fall easy victim to stress and depression.

    Source of Self-Efficacy

    People’s beliefs about their efficacy can develop by four main sources of influence. The most effective way of creating a strong sense of efficacy is through mastery experiences. Successes build a robust belief in one’s personal efficacy. Failures undermine it, especially if failures occur before a sense of efficacy firmly establish.

    If people experience only easy successes, they come to expect quick results and easily discourage by failure. A resilient sense of efficacy requires experience in overcoming obstacles through perseverant effort. Some setbacks and difficulties in human pursuits serve a useful purpose in teaching that success usually requires sustained effort. After people become convinced they have what it takes to succeed, they persevere in the face of adversity and quickly rebound from setbacks. By sticking it out through tough times, they emerge stronger from adversity.

    Second way

    The second way of creating and strengthening self-beliefs of efficacy is through the vicarious experiences provided by social models. Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises observers’ beliefs that they too possess the capabilities to master comparable activities required to succeed. By the same token, observing others’ fail despite high effort lowers observers’ judgments of their own efficacy and undermines their efforts. The impact of modeling on perceived self-efficacy strongly influences by perceived similarity to the models. The greater the assumed similarity the more persuasive are the models’ successes and failures. If people, see the models as very different from themselves their perceived self-efficacy is not much influenced by the models’ behavior and the results it produces.

    Modeling influences do more than provide a social standard against which to judge one’s own capabilities. People seek proficient models who possess the competencies to which they aspire. Through their behavior and expressed ways of thinking, competent models transmit knowledge and teach observers effective skills and strategies for managing environmental demands. Acquisition of better means raises perceived self-efficacy.

    Third way

    Social persuasion is a third way of strengthening people’s beliefs that they have what it takes to succeed. People who persuade verbally that they possess the capabilities to master gives activities are likely to mobilize greater effort and sustain it than if they harbor self-doubts and dwell on personal deficiencies when problems arise. To the extent that persuasive boosts in perceived self-efficacy lead people to try hard enough to succeed, they promote the development of skills and a sense of personal efficacy.

    It is more difficult to instill high beliefs of personal efficacy by social persuasion alone than to undermine it. Unrealistic boosts in efficacy quickly dis-confirm by disappointing results of one’s efforts. But people who have been persuaded that they lack capabilities tend to avoid challenging activities that cultivate potentialities and give up quickly in the face of difficulties. By constricting activities and undermining motivation, disbelief in one’s capabilities creates its own behavioral validation.

    Continue 01

    Successful efficacy builders do more than convey positive appraisals. In addition to raising people’s beliefs in their capabilities, they structure situations for them in ways that bring success and avoid placing people in situations prematurely where they are likely to fail often. They measure success in terms of self-improvement rather than by triumphs over others.

    People also rely partly on their somatic and emotional states in judging their capabilities. They interpret their stress reactions and tension as signs of vulnerability to poor performance. In activities involving strength and stamina, people judge their fatigue, aches, and pains as signs of physical debility. Mood also affects people’s judgments of their personal efficacy. A positive mood enhances perceived self-efficacy, a despondent mood diminishes it. The fourth way of modifying self-beliefs of efficacy is to reduce people’s stress reactions and alter their negative emotional proclivities and is-interpretations of their physical states.

    It is not the sheer intensity of emotional and physical reactions that is important but rather how they perceive and interpret. People who have a high sense of efficacy are likely to view their state of affective arousal as an energizing facilitator of performance, whereas those who are beset by self-doubts regard their arousal as a debilitator. Physiological indicators of efficacy play an especially influential role in health functioning and athletic and other physical activities.

    What is the Self-Efficacy Meaning Definition and Source Image
    What is the Self-Efficacy? Meaning, Definition, and Source; Image from Pixabay.
  • Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy

    Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy

    What knows about strengthening self-efficacy? A range of strategies that can use by teachers to enhance self-efficacy has been identified. Strategies that teachers can use to influence self-efficacy include (a) goals and feedback, (b) rewards, (c) self-instruction for verbalization of strategies, (d) participant modeling, and (e) various combinations of these strategies.

    How to Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy? Here is the article to explain.

    Keep in mind that self-efficacy, skill development, and strategy use go hand in hand; whether it be math problem solving, soccer skills, or expository writing. Students learn strategies that enable them to develop skills resulting in increased self-efficacy strengthening.

    Goals, Feedback, Rewards, and Verbalization

    Because task accomplishment is the most powerful source of self-efficacy information; an important approach is to use strategies that can strengthen task accomplishment. The strategies of goal setting, feedback, rewards, and self-talk or verbalization were used in various combinations to help students categorized as LD or remedial to strengthen self-efficacy.

    Schunk and Cox (1986) investigated the combination of strategy verbalization; and, effort feedback on the performance and self-efficacy of students with LD. While solving subtraction problems, students verbalized or said the task steps aloud to themselves; they were then given feedback that their successes were due to their effort. The combination of verbalization and effort feedback led to problem-solving successes, higher self-efficacy, and subtraction skills. The authors believed that the two strategies verbalization and effort feedback serve different purposes. Verbalization was useful for training students to systematically use the task strategy.

    Continues

    Giving students feedback that effort is responsible for success communicated that they are developing skills and that they can continue to perform well with hard work. The importance of feedback for enhancing self-efficacy may sometimes overlook by a teacher. Pajares and Johnson (1994) conducted a study in a language arts course for preservice teachers. The students received feedback from their teacher on attempting and completing writing tasks; but, they did not receive feedback on their specific writing skills.

    The end-of-course assessment revealed that, although the students improved on writing skills; their self-efficacy judgments about their skills did not increase. The authors concluded that when teachers note a growth or decline in skills (in this case, writing); they must give the students feedback about their specific skill development. As emphasized earlier, students will make future judgments not just on their actual skills; but, also on their perception of their competence in using the skill. These perceptions of self-efficacy are more likely to increase with specific teacher feedback.

    Participant Modeling

    Vicarious experience is the second most powerful source of self-efficacy. The most frequent form of vicarious experience for students is seeing a model (another student or teacher) perform a skill they are attempting to learn. Who is a more effective model, a peer or teacher, or a mastery or coping model?

    Peer or Teacher Model?

    Schunk and Hanson (1985) had students, ages 8 to 10, observe either a peer or teacher model solving fractions on a videotape. Children who had observed a peer model had higher self-efficacy and achievement scores on the math assessment than did students who had observed the teacher model. The authors concluded that the increase may have been because the children saw themselves as more similar to the peer model. The use of peer models is especially recommended for enhancement of self-efficacy among low-achieving students who are more doubtful about attaining the level of competence demonstrated by the teacher.

    Mastery or Coping Model?

    Which model do you think will be more effective in strengthening self-efficacy; an expert who demonstrates a high level of expertise or one who is competent, but demonstrates the strategies they used to acquire the skill? Previous research found that observer’s beliefs about competence influence by their perceived similarity incompetence to the model. Models can reflect either mastery or coping behaviors. A mastery model demonstrates a task at a high level of expertise with a high level of confidence. In contrast, a coping model demonstrates the task along with the difficulties students experienced and the strategies (e.g., effort) they used to overcome the difficulties. The effectiveness of coping versus mastery peer models was compared by Schunk et al.

    Types of models

    The two types of models demonstrated strategies as follows:

    1. Peer coping model; Made errors at first and verbalized negative statements that reflected self-efficacy (e.g., “I’m not sure I can do this”). The teacher then gave a prompt (e.g., “What do you do when denominators are the same?”). Next, the coping model made statements about how they overcame failure (e.g., “I need to pay attention to what I’m doing”) and eventually performed at a mastery level.
    2. Peer mastery models; Performed all problems correctly while working at the average rate. Verbalized high self-efficacy and ability (e.g., “I’m good at this.” “That was easy”).

    The findings indicated that the subjects judged themselves as more similar to the peer coping model. Students who observed the peer coping model demonstrated higher self-efficacy for learning, greater post-test self-efficacy, and skill development compared with those who observed a peer mastery model.

    Modeling is a resource that is readily available in the classroom. This is a case of positive social comparisons with others (Schunk, 2001). The important implication for teachers is to use caution in choosing peer models. An alert, the sensitive teacher can identify peer coping models in their classrooms and use them to strengthen the self-efficacy of many students.

    Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy Image
    Increase Your Strengthening Self-Efficacy; Image from Pixabay.
  • 25 best Case Study for MBA management students

    25 best Case Study for MBA management students

    25 best Case Study: Here are the articles of the finest 25 Case studies for MBA management, marketing, and business students. These case studies help and motivate you why they are successful & failures in business and jobs. Every entrepreneur starts a new business before, they find and search out details about it, the previous or past successful or failing business, case study for those who startup. Why do they do well or not?

    Here are the finest 25 best Case Study that every MBA management students need to Know.

    The following 25 best case study below are;

    Case [1]: Workplace Drug Abuse

    Amber, an administrative assistant began well, however, they started to embrace bizarre and conflicting conduct. Her work keeps up truly well, yet she started arriving late and falling sick frequently; particularly appropriate around the time she got paid. She started borrowing money from others and failing to pay it back later. Soon, she began demonstrating irritability on the telephone with clients. She was caught one day sniffing white powder which happened to be cocaine.

    When confronted she stopped coming to work, leaving a gap in the organization for a considerable length of time before a substitution could find. Specialists trust the business’ activities weren’t right, holding up too long to defy Amber; and, concentrating on allegations as opposed to scrutinizing conduct straightforwardly identified with work; for example, delay and impoliteness to customers. They likewise bring up that Amber ought to have been sent in for a medical test before being through; and, through blamed for utilizing cocaine, opening up the open door for recovery rather than a separated tie. Above is the first case of the 25 best Case Study.

    Case [2]: Smaller business and bigger profit share

    Big business is appealing, with immense benefits for a few. However, there’s something to say in regards to an independent company as well; with bringing down hazards and the potential for innovativeness. Darren Robbins of Big D Custom Screen Printing in Austin, TX discovered achievement in his business by seeking after clients with orders both substantial and little. Although Big D began catering just for big requests; the shop sat idle in between until another big order request receives.

    Through viable booking and transparent pricing, the shop was able to fill in dead occasions with smaller orders. Big D found a benefit in a market share that other nearby screen printers weren’t clamoring to fill. Experts think that this was a brilliant methodology, enabling Big D to spread out hazards in their business and offer modified items. Be that as it may, no less than one individual is reproachful of the offering; calling attention to that the specialty has little upside potential, and may hurt the organization’s productivity; Above the second case of 25 best case study.

    Case [3]: Finding the rightful Successor

    Family Business is run by relying on the heir apparent. The companies do not have to go through the ordeal of finding a deserving candidate who would run the institution successfully. However, the situation was different for Carlson companies who did not have any successor to take over the reins. The senior management tried to look both internally and externally for a potential successor.

    They ultimately found an internal candidate who would work well with the family but also offered plenty of experience as an executive in different industries. According to Beverly Behan of Hay’s Group; Carlson should commend for not only making the right decision in not hiring the heir apparent but for handling the job search in a calm, effective way.

    Case [4]: Loss of Knowledge and Experience

    Another vital retirement issue is the loss of experience and information. With retirement, the employees leave the workplace; taking years of expertise and ability all along with them. But American Express found a way to retain these experiences and knowledge through its pilot program. AMEX created a team of workers transformation groups that would allow retiring members to step by step provide up some of their days to day responsibilities.

    In return, the person would spend some of this time mentoring and educating classes to successors. This resulted in phased retirement, permitting personnel to leave steadily and revel in extra time whilst nevertheless taking part in a component of their preceding salary, and regular benefits. This additionally meant that some personnel stayed a year or more previous traditional retirement age.

    AMEX believes this software is a success, allowing senior personnel to experience their final years of work in a decreased capacity; as properly as educating the current group of workers for future success. Above is the 4th case of 25 best Case Study you’ll be reading about American Express; theirs is headquartered at 200 Vesey Street in New York City. And you also know they provider of Credit Cards, Charge Cards, Travel & Insurance products.

    Case [5]: Strategic AD Spending

    Here is the 5th case of 25 best Case Study, Advertising can cost a chunk of money to any organization and the financial conditions might not be conducive to undertake such a huge ad expenditure every time. But forgoing ad spending in favor of better profits can be a mistake. Experts say that in a slump, one of the high-quality things you can do is adopt or enlarge your marketing approach to appeal to customers. During a recession, this is particularly true, as there would be a surge in cutting back on the ad spending by many organizations; make your voice even extra outstanding to customers.

    After seven years of boom, increasing from 30 to 300 locations, Firehouse Subs’ boom fizzled, and organization leaders realized they had to come up with a solution. So they returned local advertising fees collected from franchisees, not to put in their pockets, but to take hold of their local marketing. Consequently, sales fell, even more, revealing that this was not an appropriate strategy at the time.

    Firehouse reclaimed their local marketing fee, and then gave franchisees the option to take part in a new marketing campaign; requiring them to pay double for local marketing, but in return, becoming part of an $8 million advertising campaign poised for success. Experts commend Firehouse for having the courage to ask franchisees for more money where it was needed, even when times were tough.

    Case [6]: Smaller Player takes over the bigger

    It’s tough to be a little player, especially when one of the huge players will become your direct competitor. But at Hangers Cleaners, an offbeat photo and suitable consumer carrier helped them pull via when P&G opened eco-friendly dry cleaners in the same town. Hangers differentiated itself through van shipping service, humorous t-shirts, and hangers, as properly as social networking.

    The agency additionally spent time connecting with the community with the aid of partnering with nearby groups and charities. Instead of out-pricing or out-spending P&G, Hangers embraced its personality and adopted a lifestyle of notable service that customers discovered value in. As a result, Hangers has experienced a surge in its growth whilst different local dry cleaners have witnessed flat or declining revenues.

    Case [7]: Partnership leads to Market Expansion

    To support new growth, businesses got to expand past their initial client base which is a usually daunting task for little businesses. However, partnering with another successful market player will facilitate businesses to reach a brand new level. Diagnostic Hybrids, specializing in medical nosology, did simply that, partnering with Quidel, a market leader in speedy diagnostic tests.

    This partnership allowed Diagnostic Hybrids to get a bigger market presence; as well as take advantage of higher analysis and development resources. Although Diagnostic Hybrids was acquired by Quidel; key components of the organization like the same company president; and, operation as a separate subsidiary remained with them.

    Case [8]: Tesco’s Korean Venture

    Tesco’s Korean venture can be a perfect case study of creating a market share internationally. The organization made some well strategic moves in their Korean expansion, most relatively partnering with Samsung, the main Korean conglomerate, and embracing the Korean way of life by operating shops as nearby agencies and neighborhood centers.

    Tesco additionally made a smart move by way of employing almost a hundred percent Koreans on staff; with solely 4 British employees out of 23,000. Reports indicate that Tesco’s well-planned method has gained over customers in Seoul; with 25% of Koreans signed up for loyalty cards and income in the billions; discovering success in “cracking the Asian tiger,” where competitors such as Carrefour and Wal-Mart have failed.

    Case [9]: Background check for job candidates

    Background assessments are a difficulty faced by many companies; as sensitive statistics are now extra public than ever. Office Drop was no exception, as the corporation scans paper into digital files; along with personal medical history and minister sermons; most of which require a trustworthy person who can take care of documents discreetly. Many third-party companies provide quick, superficial checks; however, Prasad Thammineni, the proprietor of Office Drop was not satisfied, and he needed more accurate statistics.

    He found a company that would allow researchers to delve into several different sources and perform a more comprehensive search. There was opposition from other business owners pointing out that alternative to using Google to perform a historical check; he should have requested their enterprise network who they were using. They also endorsed that he take advantage of free resources; which include online searches and checking out social media websites to learn more about job candidates.

    Case [10]: Proper Utilization of the Human Resources

    When Gamal Aziz took the reins of the MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in his hands; he notices that there is a miscommunication between the hotel employees and whatever is going on at the hotel.

    He found an easy way to fill this gap by engaging the hotel staff in quick huddles before their shifts to give a brief overview of the day’s itinerary so that staff could offer more to guests, improving customer loyalty, return visits, and spending.

    This made considerable returns on the Hotel’s revenue. Experts laud Aziz for differentiating the MGM grand with top quality service from the employees. Here is the 10th case of 25 best Case Study, a case about employees for business growing up.

    Case [11]: Twitter and the Creme Brulee

    Marketing is the key to whether one owns a billion-dollar enterprise or setting spring rolls in a Chinese van. One can spend a chunk of fortune in doing that but it won’t yield much return until it is done effectively. Curtis Kimball, the man in the back of the Creme Brulee Cart; put Twitter to work for him amassing heaps of followers and growing his commercial enterprise by allowing people to follow the cart online.

    Curtis developed a personal relationship with his followers by asking for their advice on flavors to cart location. Perhaps the most incredible part of this story is the fact that Kimball has no advertising finances (Twitter is a free service), but enjoys distinctly popular popularity and excessive scores on Yelp.

    Case [12]: Excessive Variety leads to a Revenue loss

    Hickory Farms started with holiday gift baskets including sausage, ham, and cheese at one point had a presenting of 2,500 special products, sprawling the employer and resulting in a loss of favor with customers. Recognizing this issue, Hickory Farms streamlined itself, slashing its range of merchandise from 2,500 to 300 with more modern visuals, descriptions, and other features; such as less packaging and extra recycled content.

    The organization also overhauled its website, making it easier to save online. All of this streamlining resulted in a charge reduction of 13% that Hickory Farms used to be capable to skip on to their customers. Brand strategist Jennifer Woodbery believes that this was a smart move; making the most of Hickory Farms’ trusted name and image with an effective rebranding of offerings.

    Case [13]: Maintaining Good Employees Consistently

    It often happens that once your best employee is longer the same after promotion. Such was the case for cat shelter Paws Need Families where Della; a cleaner became an assistant manager and was soon promoted to be a manager. She started arriving late, letting applications sit, and slipped on inoculations, all serious offenses.

    Instead of confronting Della directly, meetings were held, and an assistant manager was hired to compensate for Della’s shortcomings. Ultimately, Della never cleaned up her act and fires. Ken Blanchard, co-author of The One Minute Manager believes this situation may want to have been avoided with short meetings and a review or feedback system; with the help of these, we can become aware of troubles earlier than they become actual problems.

    Case [14]: Dealing with late-paying clients

    We all hope that clients will pay on time; however, the reality is that most corporations have to deal with lateness at some point or another. How you deal with it can make all the difference; and, this case study displays a smart strategy. When a client wrote to check in on the development of work; a web developer answered that she was once hesitant to work quickly for that consumer; because she was once nonetheless ready on repayments for month-old work.

    This right away attracted the attention of the client; who contacted her and located that their Cheques were not getting delivered to the proper address. The hassle was solved almost instantaneously, implementing leverage and beneficial positive behavior. However, it was once risky, and the client criticized her for not sharing a warning earlier than coming to a difficult point.

    Case [15]: Searching for a Search Fund Structure

    This case considers how young entrepreneurs structure search funds to find businesses to take over. The case describes an MBA student who meets with several successful search fund entrepreneurs who have taken alternative routes to raise funds. The case considers the issues of partnering, soliciting funds vs. self-funding a search, and joining an incubator. This case provides a platform from which to discuss the pros and cons of various search fund structures. Above you’ll be read the 15th case of 25 best Case Study.

    Case [16]: Tylenol’s 1982 Scandal

    In 1982, seven people in Chicago died after taking Tylenol due to an unknown suspect lacing the capsules with cyanide after the products reached the shelves. In the immediate aftermath, Tylenol’s commanding 37% market share dropped to just 7% nationwide; despite the problem being contained in the Chicago area.

    Tylenol was not responsible for the tampering of the product, but to maintain the product’s reputation; Johnson & Johnson pulled all of the Tylenol from the shelves; absorbing a loss of more than 100 million dollars.

    Tylenol was successfully reintroduced with tamper-resistant packaging, discounts, and sales presentations to the medical community. The brand survived due to swift action and effective public relations from Johnson & Johnson.

    Case [17]: Business Leadership in South Africa’s 1994 Reforms

    In 1994, this case examines the role of business in South Africa’s historic transition away from apartheid to popular sovereignty. Global Digital Divide; The case provides a previously untold oral history of this key moment in world history; presenting extensive video interviews with business leaders who spearheaded behind-the-scenes negotiations between the African National Congress and the government.

    Faculty teaching the case have used the material to push students to consider a business’s role in a divided society and ask: What factors led business leaders to act to push the country’s future away from isolation toward a “high road” of participating in an increasingly globalized economy? What techniques and narratives did they use to keep the two sides talking and resolve the political impasse? And, if business leadership played an important role in the events in South Africa, could they take a similar role elsewhere?

    Case [18]: Malden Mills Case

    In some cases, making the best decision could easily compare to benefits, an exercise that Malden Mills adapted firsthand. At the point when the industrial facility torched in 1995 only two weeks previously Christmas; production came to a halt and representatives expected they’d be out of work until the point that the processing plant was reconstructed.

    Yet, CEO Aaron Feuerstein expanded the representatives 90 days at full pay, and also 180 days with benefits for $25 million to Malden Mills. After the processing plant was modified and the greater part of the uprooted specialists were rehired, collaboration and profitability achieved another high with 40% more business, 95% client, and representative maintenance.

    The creation incremented from 130,000 to 200,000 yards for each week. In any case, from that point forward, Malden Mills has been to liquidation court three times; with a significant part of the obligation fixing to the remake of the industrial facility. Feuerstein made representatives cheerful, certainly, yet business students should examine this case to consider whether striking humanitarian activities will satisfy at last.

    Case [19]: When Starbucks had to shut outlets

    In 2008, Starbucks declared that it would close 600 US stores. Till that point, Starbucks stores had included new contributions, including Wi-Fi and music available to purchase, yet begun to lose its warm “neighborhood store” feeling for a chain store persona.

    Harvard Business Review brings up that in this circumstance, “Starbucks is a mass brand endeavoring to charge an exceptional cost for an affair that is not any more extraordinary”. Meaning, to keep up, Starbucks would either need to chop costs or cut down on stores to reestablish its image selectiveness.

    HBR’s contextual investigation imparts three issues to the development of Starbucks: estranging early adopters, excessively wide of interest, and shallow development through new stores and items. Harvard prescribes that Starbucks ought to have remained private; developing at a controlled pace to keep up its status as a top-notch mark. Here is the 19th case of 25 best Case Study, this case is about Starbucks, how did they start? how do they grow up? how they make simple and fast touch the customer build tree.

    Case [20]: Supply Chain Disruption

    In 2000, a fire at the Philips microchip plant affected telephone manufacturers Nokia and Ericsson. The groups reacted in extraordinary ways, and ultimately, Ericsson did no longer do well, quitting the mobile smartphone commercial enterprise and permitting Nokia to win over the European market.

    While Ericsson had tied up all of its key elements in a single source and decided to wait till the hassle got over; Nokia worked to snatch up spare chips from different plants and suppliers; they also re-engineered some of their telephones to adapt to one-of-a-kind chips from new suppliers. It’s no longer difficult to imagine what the outcome was.

    Nokia stayed trucking along, whilst Ericsson suffered from months of lost production and sales; permitting the market to dominate with the aid of Nokia. This incident and fallout is a classic lesson in supply chain risk management. Above is the 20th case of the 25 best Case Study, you may never forget Nokia’s marketing loss.

    Case [21]: Crisis Management

    In 2009, Maclaren issued a recall for every stroller it had sold in the US for a decade, which was around 1 million units. The strollers were recalled so that a cover could mount to stop the amputation of a baby’s fingers; which ought to show up if the toddler were to be in the stroller in the incorrect spot.

    As a luxury brand, this incident proved to be detrimental even though it was a case of misuse of the product and not a manufacturing defect. Experts are of the view that Maclaren did take the correct step in the aftermath of the recall, asking for a fast track recall from the Consumer Product Safety Commission, and soon as it started spreading through the press, saving face and also embracing a mission of toddler safety.

    Case [22]: Triumph in entering Global Market

    In 2010, Triumph sold just 7,562 bikes in the UK, but 50,000 worldwide, indicating that an international activity paid off for the company. Triumph, a British Bike manufacturer gradually faded out of prominence in their home market three decades ago.

    However, it gained a new life internationally. Triumph’s famous manufacturing facility in Warwickshire closed up shop in 1983, but the Indian factory remained; and, these days it has become very popular. The agency struggles to meet demand in India, with a six-month ready list and a new factory being built.

    India’s middle-income group has embraced the car as a low-cost commodity, even giving them dowries at weddings. The success of Triumph in India can be another example of a splendid case study.

    Case [23]: Shake Shack IPO

    When Shake Shack went public on January 30, 2015, investors displayed a similar enthusiasm. Opening day investors bid up the $21 per share offering price by 118% to reach $45.90 at the closing bell. From an art project in a New York City park, Shake Shack developed a devoted fan base that greeted new Shake Shack locations with cheers and long lines. By the end of May, investors were paying $92.86 per share.

    Students ask if this price represented a realistic valuation of the enterprise; and, if not, what Shake Shack was truly worth. The case provides extensive information on Shake Shack’s marketing, competitors, operations, and financials; allowing instructors to weave a wide variety of factors into the valuation of the company.

    Case [24]: IBM CSC

    As the program entered its second decade in 2016; students ask to consider how the program can improve. The case considers IBM’s CSC (Corporate Service Corps); a program that had become the largest pro bono consulting program in the world. The case describes the program’s triple-benefit: leadership training to the brightest young IBMers; brand recognition for IBM in emerging markets; and, community improvement in the areas served by IBM’s host organizations.

    This case allows faculty to lead a discussion about training, marketing in emerging economies; and various ways of providing a social benefit. The case highlights the synergies as well as trade-offs between pursuing these triple benefits.

    Case [25]: Coffee 2016 supply chain and generate ideas

    Here is the last case of the 25 best Case Study; Coffee 2016 asks students to consider the coffee supply chain; and, generate ideas for what can be done to equalize returns across various stakeholders. The case draws a parallel between coffee and wine. Both beverages encourage connoisseurship, but only wine growers reap a premium for their efforts to ensure quality.

    The case describes the history of coffee production across the world; the rise of the “third wave” of coffee consumption in the developed world; the efforts of the Illy Company to help coffee growers; and, the differences between “fair” trade and direct trade. Faculty have found the case provides a wide canvas to discuss supply chain issues, examine marketing practices; and, encourage creative solutions to business problems.

    25 best Case Study that every MBA management students need to Know Image
    25 best Case Study that every MBA management students need to Know; Image from Pixabay.

    Above you may well study and understand the 25 best Case Study, If you think the article is useful and readable for MBA students then you may share it, Thank you for reading and learning it.

  • Validity

    Validity

    What is Validity?


    The most crucial issue in test construction is validity. Whereas reliability addresses issues of consistency, validity assesses what the test is to be accurate about. A test that is valid for clinical assessment should measure what it is intended to measure and should also produce information useful to clinicians. A psychological test cannot be said to be valid in any abstract or absolute sense, but more practically, it must be valid in a particular context and for a specific group of people (Messick, 1995). Although a test can be reliable without being valid, the opposite is not true; a necessary prerequisite for validity is that the test must have achieved an adequate level of reliability. Thus, a valid test is one that accurately measures the variable it is intended to measure. For example, a test comprising questions about a person’s musical preference might erroneously state that it is a test of creativity. The test might be reliable in the sense that if it is given to the same person on different occasions, it produces similar results each time. However, it would not be reliable in that an investigation might indicate it does not correlate with other more valid measurements of creativity.

    Establishing the validity of a test can be extremely difficult, primarily because psychological variables are usually abstract concepts such as intelligence, anxiety, and personality. These concepts have no tangible reality, so their existence must be inferred through indirect means. In addition, conceptualization and research on constructs undergo change over time requiring that test validation go through continual refinement (G. Smith & McCarthy, 1995). In constructing a test, a test designer must follow two necessary, initial steps. First, the construct must be theoretically evaluated and described; second, specific operations (test questions) must be developed to measure it (S. Haynes et al., 1995). Even when the designer has followed these steps closely and conscientiously, it is sometimes difficult to determine what the test really measures. For example, IQ tests are good predictors of academic success, but many researchers question whether they adequately measure the concept of intelligence as it is theoretically described. Another hypothetical test that, based on its item content, might seem to measure what is described as musical aptitude may in reality be highly correlated with verbal abilities. Thus, it may be more a measure of verbal abilities than of musical aptitude.

    Any estimate of validity is concerned with relationships between the test and some external independently observed event. The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, American Educational Research Association [AERA], American Psychological Association [APA], & National Council for Measurement in Education [NCME], 1999; G. Morgan, Gliner, & Harmon, 2001) list the three main methods of establishing validity as content-related, criterion-related, and construct-related.

    Content Validity


    During the initial construction phase of any test, the developers must first be concerned with its content validity. This refers to the representativeness and relevance of the assessment instrument to the construct being measured. During the initial item selection, the constructors must carefully consider the skills or knowledge area of the variable they would like to measure. The items are then generated based on this conceptualization of the variable. At some point, it might be decided that the item content over-represents, under-represents, or excludes specific areas, and alterations in the items might be made accordingly. If experts on subject matter are used to determine the items, the number of these experts and their qualifications should be included in the test manual. The instructions they received and the extent of agreement between judges should also be provided. A good test covers not only the subject matter being measured, but also additional variables. For example, factual knowledge may be one criterion, but the application of that knowledge and the ability to analyze data are also important. Thus, a test with high content validity must cover all major aspects of the content area and must do so in the correct proportion.

    A concept somewhat related to content validity is face validity. These terms are not synonymous, however, because content validity pertains to judgments made by experts, whereas face validity concerns judgments made by the test users. The central issue in face validity is test rapport. Thus, a group of potential mechanics who are being tested for basic skills in arithmetic should have word problems that relate to machines rather than to business transactions. Face validity, then, is present if the test looks good to the persons taking it, to policymakers who decide to include it in their programs, and to other untrained personnel. Despite the potential importance of face validity in regard to test-taking attitudes, disappointingly few formal studies on face validity are performed and/or reported in test manuals.

    In the past, content validity has been conceptualized and operationalized as being based on the subjective judgment of the test developers. As a result, it has been regarded as the least preferred form of test validation, albeit necessary in the initial stages of test development. In addition, its usefulness has been primarily focused at achievement tests (how well has this student learned the content of the course?) and personnel selection (does this applicant know the information relevant to the potential job?). More recently, it has become used more extensively in personality and clinical assessment (Butcher, Graham, Williams, & Ben-Porath, 1990; Millon, 1994). This has paralleled more rigorous and empirically based approaches to content validity along with a closer integration to criterion and construct validation.

    Criterion Validity


    A second major approach to determining validity is criterion validity, which has also been called empirical or predictive validity. Criterion validity is determined by comparing test scores with some sort of performance on an outside measure. The outside measure should have a theoretical relation to the variable that the test is supposed to measure. For example, an intelligence test might be correlated with grade point average; an aptitude test, with independent job ratings or general maladjustment scores, with other tests measuring similar dimensions. The relation between the two measurements is usually expressed as a correlation coefficient.

    Criterion-related validity is most frequently divided into either concurrent or predictive validity. Concurrent validity refers to measurements taken at the same, or approximately the same, time as the test. For example, an intelligence test might be administered at the same time as assessments of a group’s level of academic achievement. Predictive validity refers to outside measurements that were taken some time after the test scores were derived. Thus, predictive validity might be evaluated by correlating the intelligence test scores with measures of academic achievement a year after the initial testing. Concurrent validation is often used as a substitute for predictive validation because it is simpler, less expensive, and not as time consuming. However, the main consideration in deciding whether concurrent or predictive validation is preferable depends on the test’s purpose. Predictive validity is most appropriate for tests used for selection and classification of personnel. This may include hiring job applicants, placing military personnel in specific occupational training programs, screening out individuals who are likely to develop emotional disorders, or identifying which category of psychiatric populations would be most likely to benefit from specific treatment approaches. These situations all require that the measurement device provide a prediction of some future outcome. In contrast, concurrent validation is preferable if an assessment of the client’s current status is required, rather than a prediction of what might occur to the client at some future time. The distinction can be summarized by asking “Is Mr. Jones maladjusted?” (concurrent validity) rather than “Is Mr. Jones likely to become maladjusted at some future time?” (predictive validity).

    An important consideration is the degree to which a specific test can be applied to a unique work-related environment (see Hogan, Hogan, & Roberts, 1996). This relates more to the social value and consequences of the assessment than the formal validity as reported in the test manual (Messick, 1995). In other words, can the test under consideration provide accurate assessments and predictions for the environment in which the examinee is working? To answer this question adequately, the examiner must refer to the manual and assess the similarity between the criteria used to establish the test’s validity and the situation to which he or she would like to apply the test. For example, can an aptitude test that has adequate criterion validity in the prediction of high school grade point average also be used to predict academic achievement for a population of college students? If the examiner has questions regarding the relative applicability of the test, he or she may need to undertake a series of specific tasks. The first is to identify the required skills for adequate performance in the situation involved. For example, the criteria for a successful teacher may include such attributes as verbal fluency, flexibility, and good public speaking skills. The examiner then must determine the degree to which each skill contributes to the quality of a teacher’s performance. Next, the examiner has to assess the extent to which the test under consideration measures each of these skills. The final step is to evaluate the extent to which the attribute that the test measures are relevant to the skills the examiner needs to predict. Based on these evaluations, the examiner can estimate the confidence that he or she places in the predictions developed from the test. This approach is sometimes referred to as synthetic validity because examiners must integrate or synthesize the criteria reported in the test manual with the variables they encounter in their clinical or organizational settings.

    The strength of criterion validity depends in part on the type of variable being measured. Usually, intellectual or aptitude tests give relatively higher validity coefficients than personality tests because there are generally a greater number of variables influencing personality than intelligence. As the number of variables that influences the trait being measured increases, it becomes progressively more difficult to account for them. When a large number of variables are not accounted for, the trait can be affected in unpredictable ways. This can create a much wider degree of fluctuation in the test scores, thereby lowering the validity coefficient. Thus, when evaluating a personality test, the examiner should not expect as high a validity coefficient as for intellectual or aptitude tests. A helpful guide is to look at the validities found in similar tests and compare them with the test being considered. For example, if an examiner wants to estimate the range of validity to be expected for the extra-version scale on the Myers Briggs Type Indicator, he or she might compare it with the validities for similar scales found in the California Personality Inventory and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The relative level of validity, then, depends both on the quality of the construction of the test and on the variable being studied.

    An important consideration is the extent to which the test accounts for the trait being measured or the behavior being predicted. For example, the typical correlation between intelligence tests and academic performance is about .50 (Neisser et al., 1996). Because no one would say that grade point average is entirely the result of intelligence, the relative extent to which intelligence determines grade point average has to be estimated. This can be calculated by squaring the correlation coefficient and changing it into a percentage. Thus, if the correlation of .50 is squared, it comes out to 25%, indicating that 25% of academic achievement can be accounted for by IQ as measured by the intelligence test. The remaining 75% may include factors such as motivation, quality of instruction, and past educational experience. The problem facing the examiner is to determine whether 25% of the variance is sufficiently useful for the intended purposes of the test. This ultimately depends on the personal judgment of the examiner.

    The main problem confronting criterion validity is finding an agreed-on, definable, acceptable, and feasible outside criterion. Whereas for an intelligence test the grade point average might be an acceptable criterion, it is far more difficult to identify adequate criteria for most personality tests. Even with so-called intelligence tests, many researchers argue that it is more appropriate to consider them tests of scholastic aptitude rather than of intelligence. Yet another difficulty with criterion validity is the possibility that the criterion measure will be inadvertently biased. This is referred to as criterion contamination and occurs when knowledge of the test results influences an individual’s later performance. For example, a supervisor in an organization who receives such information about subordinates may act differently toward a worker placed in a certain category after being tested. This situation may set up negative or positive expectations for the worker, which could influence his or her level of performance. The result is likely to artificially alter the level of the validity coefficients. To work around these difficulties, especially in regard to personality tests, a third major method must be used to determine validity. 

    Construct Validity


    The method of construct validity was developed in part to correct the inadequacies and difficulties encountered with content and criterion approaches. Early forms of content validity relied too much on subjective judgment, while criterion validity was too restrictive in working with the domains or structure of the constructs being measured. Criterion validity had the further difficulty in that there was often a lack of agreement in deciding on adequate outside criteria. The basic approach of construct validity is to assess the extent to which the test measures a theoretical construct or trait. This assessment involves three general steps. Initially, the test constructor must make a careful analysis of the trait. This is followed by a consideration of the ways in which the trait should relate to other variables. Finally, the test designer needs to test whether these hypothesized relationships actually exist (Foster & Cone, 1995). For example, a test measuring dominance should have a high correlation with the individual accepting leadership roles and a low or negative correlation with measures of submissiveness. Likewise, a test measuring anxiety should have a high positive correlation with individuals who are measured during an anxiety-provoking situation, such as an experiment involving some sort of physical pain. As these hypothesized relationships are verified by research studies, the degree of confidence that can be placed in a test increases.

    There is no single, best approach for determining construct validity; rather, a variety of different possibilities exist. For example, if some abilities are expected to increase with age, correlations can be made between a population’s test scores and age. This may be appropriate for variables such as intelligence or motor coordination, but it would not be applicable for most personality measurements. Even in the measurement of intelligence or motor coordination, this approach may not be appropriate beyond the age of maturity. Another method for determining construct validity is to measure the effects of experimental or treatment interventions. Thus, a posttest measurement may be taken following a period of instruction to see if the intervention affected the test scores in relation to a previous pretest measure. For example, after an examinee completes a course in arithmetic, it would be predicted that scores on a test of arithmetical ability would increase. Often, correlations can be made with other tests that supposedly measure a similar variable. However, a new test that correlates too highly with existing tests may represent needless duplication unless it incorporates some additional advantage such as a shortened format, ease of administration, or superior predictive validity. Factor analysis is of particular relevance to construct validation because it can be used to identify and assess the relative strength of different psychological traits. Factor analysis can also be used in the design of a test to identify the primary factor or factors measured by a series of different tests. Thus, it can be used to simplify one or more tests by reducing the number of categories to a few common factors or traits. The factorial validity of a test is the relative weight or loading that a factor has on the test. For example, if a factor analysis of a measure of psychopathology determined that the test was composed of two clear factors that seemed to be measuring anxiety and depression, the test could be considered to have factorial validity. This would be especially true if the two factors seemed to be accounting for a clear and large portion of what the test was measuring.

    Another method used in construct validity is to estimate the degree of internal consistency by correlating specific subtests with the test’s total score. For example, if a subtest on an intelligence test does not correlate adequately with the overall or Full Scale IQ, it should be either eliminated or altered in a way that increases the correlation. A final method for obtaining construct validity is for a test to converge or correlate highly with variables that are theoretically similar to it. The test should not only show this convergent validity but also have discriminate validity, in which it would demonstrate low or negative correlations with variables that are dissimilar to it. Thus, scores on reading comprehension should show high positive correlations with performance in a literature class and low correlations with performance in a class involving mathematical computation.

    Related to discriminant and convergent validity is the degree of sensitivity and specificity an assessment device demonstrates in identifying different categories. Sensitivity refers to the percentage of true positives that the instrument has identified, whereas specificity is the relative percentage of true negatives. A structured clinical interview might be quite sensitive in that it would accurately identify 90% of schizophrenics in an admitting ward of a hospital. However, it may not be sufficiently specific in that 30% of schizophrenics would be incorrectly classified as either normal or having some other diagnosis. The difficulty in determining sensitivity and specificity lies in developing agreed-on, objectively accurate outside criteria for categories such as psychiatric diagnosis, intelligence, or personality traits.

    As indicated by the variety of approaches discussed, no single, quick, efficient method exists for determining construct validity. It is similar to testing a series of hypotheses in which the results of the studies determine the meanings that can be attached to later test scores (Foster & Cone, 1995; Messick, 1995). Almost any data can be used, including material from the content and criterion approaches. The greater the amount of supporting data, the greater is the level of confidence with which the test can be used. In many ways, construct validity represents the strongest and most sophisticated approach to test construction. In many ways, all types of validity can be considered as subcategories of construct validity. It involves theoretical knowledge of the trait or ability being measured, knowledge of other related variables, hypothesis testing, and statements regarding the relationship of the test variable to a network of other variables that have been investigated. Thus, construct validation is a never-ending process in which new relationships always can be verified and investigated.