Version control is the practice of tracking changes to software code. Its software helps teams keep track of all modifications made and note work that still needs to stand done. As software development continues to accelerate, processes and systems can help software teams work more efficiently. If something goes wrong, they help developers look back and check past code versions and find out what went wrong.
Here are the articles to explain, What are the types and advantages of version control?
While version control is a process in itself, several different tools are available to aid in its process.
3 Types of version control tools
There are many applications related to version control. Examples of different types of version control tools include:
System: the system’s stand is used to track changes in software development over time. Its systems allow developers to automatically track changes and view the history of code changes over time. Systems can centralize or distribute. A centralized system has a central repository where all data stands stored. While a distributed system has a series of smaller repositories.
Client: A client is a software development tool that can use with a version control system. Clients allow developers to manage projects, increase development integration speed, and provide a graphical user interface (GUI).
Hosting Software: Hosting software is a product that contains and manages several different cloud repositories. They can provide, or at least integrate with, other online tools that can help with version control systems. Hosting software allows developers to set up a master repository. This master repository keeps track of all data, determines which developers have access to certain code, and serves as the single source of truth for code in a given system.
4 Advantages of Using Version Control
Version control brings a wide range of advantages. Some of these include:
Track changes and updates: Make it simple to track code changes as they occur. By tracking changes, developers can understand what went wrong with the code and which mistakes to avoid again. This also helps reduce duplication and other mistakes from the start.
Management: Helps managers not only understand the code but also their developers. Managers can use it to understand who was involved, why the change was made, and the timeline for the change to be implemented.
Efficiency: Helps to keep the process of updating the code. By staying organized in the process, developers can quickly see changes made to the code in the past and immediately notify other developers of any updates they have made or need to make.
Compliance: The process can also help with an organization’s compliance process. By documenting the process, organizations can obtain the records needed by IT teams for potential audit trails.
Best Practices of Version Control
To get the most value from version control, companies should follow these best practices:
Best quality Image in Dreamstime.
Commit message: After committing to a change to software code, the person who made the change should be able to explain the change. They should be able to explain what change was made, why it stood needed, and what steps they took to change it. This helps the team understand and remember why other team members made changes to the code.
Testing and Reviewing: Code changes should test and review before existing implementation and committing the changes to the shared repository. This review provides insight into code quality and helps to improve code quality. This also helps the team to become more efficient as team members can reuse code and improve the quality of the output.
Make small commits: While it may be tempting to make big changes, developers should focus on making smaller commits, or smaller changes. Small commits make it easier for team members to understand changes and roll them back if something goes wrong.
Version Control and Version Control Systems
While version control and version control systems have the same goal, they are not necessarily the same thing. It is a process, and a system is a technical system specifically designed for the process. In other words, a system is just one of several different technologies, applications, and best practices that can be used for the process. Its clients and hosting software are also technologies that facilitate the process.
Version Control Meaning, Types, and Advantages; Image by Rodeen from Pixabay.
You can’t be too careful when it comes to managing your organization’s data destruction. The last thing you want is for sensitive information to get into the wrong hands. Fortunately, there are several ways that you can make sure that doesn’t happen.
Here are the articles to explain, Data Destruction Ensure Secure and Complete
Here are some tips on how to manage your organization’s data destruction so that it is secure and complete:
Be compliant
To ensure that your company is in camp complies important to understand the regulations and laws in your industry. It is also important to check with your legal department or compliance officer, or IT department and ask yourself what threats you are protecting against.
Know what’s important
Know what’s important to you.
Know what your business needs.
Know what your clients need.
Know what your customers need.
Know what’s important to your competitors and their employees, too!
What is the data used for? Who uses it and how often?
Are there any risks associated with having this information floating around on your computer or on a hard de, especially if you share it with others?
Is there any personal information contained within this data that might be sensitive, such as credit card numbers or social security numbers (SSNs)? If so, can those people who do not need access to those numbers remove them from the information before disposal begins?
Control information at the source data destruction
The first step to secure data destruction is to manage information at the source. This means that you need to encrypt all of your confidential data, use a VPN (Virtual Private Network), and a secure file sharing service. It also means using a secure cloud storage service that encrypts files before uploading them online, as well as taking advantage of other tools that can help you maintain control over sensitive files.
What’s more, it’s important not only to protect against unauthorized access at the user level but also at the server level; this is where encryption comes into play again by providing additional layers of protection for your company’s data in transit between users and servers via SSL encryption or another form of transport layer encryption technology like TLS/IPSec or SSH tunneling protocol.
Manage your data so that it is secure and complete.
Data should managed at the source.
Data should destroyed at the source.
Data should deleted at the source.
Data should disposed of at the source.
Conclusion
No matter how big or small your company is, it’s crucial to understand the ways in which data destruction can compromise—and just how damaging that exposure could potentially be.
How to Ensure Secure and Complete Data Destruction; Photo by charlesdeluvio on Unsplash.
How to Exploration of construction project cost budget control. The project budget plays an important role in the cost of the entire project link of the construction project. Which will affect the economic benefits of the construction project to a certain extent.
Here are the articles to explain, Exploration of construction project cost budget control
Therefore, at this stage, the project management of most construction companies pays more attention to the project budget link to ensure that the project budget personnel can reasonably and scientifically control the project cost.
The importance of project cost budget control in the construction of construction projects
In the entire engineering project, project cost budget control is an important part and plays an important role. It includes the following points:
In the construction process of the project, a reasonable and scientific project cost budget can ensure the smooth development and implementation of the project. If the construction enterprise wants to avoid more problems. Such as project design changes and rework caused by the lack of completeness of the project. It is necessary to do a good job in budget management and control of project costs. In addition, once some unreasonable phenomena occur during the control of project cost. The overall investment in project construction will increase. Which will have a direct impact on the economic benefits of construction enterprises. And will seriously hinder the development of construction enterprises in a stable and sustainable direction. The pace of development.
In the process of construction, a reasonable and scientific project cost will directly affect the overall profitability of the construction project. To effectively reduce the project cost and reduce capital problems, it is necessary to reasonably control the project cost.
The main reasons why the cost of construction projects exceeds the budget
(1) The cause of the price of building materials.
In the process of engineering construction, building materials are particularly important and are a decisive factor in the quality and safety of construction projects, and the price of building materials will also affect the cost of the project. In the process of implementation, a lot of building materials will consume. There are many types of materials used, and many fields will involve. To this end, during the construction process of a construction project. The construction personnel must also comprehensively account for the materials used in the entire project.
(2) This is a more difficult and cumbersome task.
During this period, it is difficult to control the price of materials. For this reason, the staff must also regulate the price of building materials on the market in all aspects. According to surveys, most construction companies generally adopt different methods and methods for all-around control and management in the process of cost management of construction projects. However, due to the vast territory of our country, engineering projects distribute in many fields. Due to the long construction time, the market price cannot be correctly evaluated. Which will lead to some problems in that the cost of the project exceeds the budget during the construction process.
In addition, the evaluators of construction companies must correctly estimate the actual situation of materials and market price changes in the project cost budget. At the same time, they must also keep a certain amount of room in terms of building material prices based on the actual situation of price changes. As far as the current stage is concerned, the market supply and demand mechanism directly affect the market price of building materials. It is impossible to budget for changes in the price of building materials, which increases the difficulty of preparing the project budget. Which will lead to a large gap between the price of building materials during the budget period and the actual market price. Which will affect the normal implementation of construction projects.
(3) There is no perfect project cost budget.
In the process of preparing the project cost budget, the project will involve many aspects. So the staff of the construction enterprise must strictly require to consider all aspects. But in the actual construction process, the project cost budget will still affect by some factors. So that the project will still have many shortcomings in the implementation process. Which will directly affect the effectiveness of the project.
In expansion, when most engineering projects are under development, sometimes to obtain the opportunity to win the bid. The cost of the engineering project stands compressed to a certain extent. In many cases, to ensure the quality of the construction project. Some additional project content does not add during the preparation of the construction project. Such behavior will indirectly increase the cost of the construction project, and in severe cases, the cost of the construction project will exceed the budget.
In addition, when the relevant personnel of the construction enterprise prepares the budget for the construction project. There may be some increase or decrease in the project. Which will affect the overall development of the construction project to a certain extent. For construction companies to avoid these problems and be able to produce reasonable and scientific project cost plans. They must strengthen the management and control of construction project costs.
Effective ways to prevent project costs from exceeding budget control
(1) Strengthen and improve the comprehensive quality of construction project budget management personnel.
Project cost budget management plays an important role in the construction project process. It is professional, comprehensive, and policy-oriented work. In the construction project cost budget management work, there are high requirements for relevant cost budget management personnel. It is strictly required that project cost management personnel themselves have high comprehensive quality. They must also have a full understanding of professional knowledge and related legal knowledge.
Cost budget management personnel must also cultivate good character and strengthen their sense of responsibility for their work. Enterprises should also pay attention to regular assessment and training of cost budget management personnel in terms of moral quality and professional literacy, summarize and reflect on many aspects, and further make the construction project cost budget management work with the best effect.
(2) Reasonable and scientific project cost budgeting.
Budgeting is an important part of the process of project cost control. Scientific methods adopt for comprehensive management and control in the project cost budget to further achieve reasonable and scientific control of project cost. It is mainly reflected in:
When the reasonable preparation of the budget, it is necessary to take into account the actual construction situation of the construction project, deepen the research and analyze the design drawings, survey reports, and topographic measurements of the construction site to ensure the rationality and scientific of the project.
To ensure the budget of the cost of the construction project, it is necessary to understand the use of materials used in the construction project from many aspects and formulate a scientific and reasonable project cost budget plan based on the actual development situation.
In the process of budgeting, relevant personnel must also fully understand the changes in material prices, leaving a certain amount of room for changes in material prices, and also grasp and analyze the issues related to construction materials, combine the actual market supply and demand, prepare a reasonable budget plan, and adjust the project cost budget promptly based on the price changes in the market at that time.
(3) Strengthen the adjustment and approval of project cost control.
In the process of construction of a construction project, once the project changes. It will directly affect the content of the entire construction project cost budget. Because the change in the project cost project will increase the number of construction projects and greatly increase the cost of the construction project. So the enterprise control and management personnel must strictly control the approval of the construction project cost, strengthen supervision and management work, and minimize the impact of project changes on the entire construction project.
In summary
Project cost is a very important part of the cost management process of construction projects. When budgeting, enterprise project cost personnel must take into account the current market economy environment. The actual situation of project construction is the main basis for the preparation of project costs. In the actual construction phase of the project, every management personnel of the construction enterprise must strengthen control of the cost of the construction project to avoid related problems caused by the cost of the project. Which will directly affect the cost control and management of the construction project. It will also have a certain impact on the economic benefits of the construction project.
How to Exploration of construction project cost budget control. Photo by Mark Potterton on Unsplash.
Example of Software Project Management Plan (SPMP) and Control Method PDF Essay; From the perspective of the modern information society, computer technology has become an important part of all walks of life; and many production processes are based on computer technology. Similarly, in the process of rapid development of computer technology; software projects also have different characteristics in types and modes; the content involved is gradually increasing, and its scope covers the entire software engineering process. It is necessary to strengthen the management of software projects in all aspects; to improve the effectiveness of the software application process. Personnel can conduct specific analyses in this regard.
Here are the articles to explain, What is an example of a software project management plan (SPMP)? and Control Method with PDF Essay!
This article discusses the specific methods of software project management quality control by expounding; on the content of software project management, analyzing the planning process of software project management; and explaining the principles of quality control in software management. Software is an effective combination of computer data and instructions organized in a series of specific sequences.
Generally speaking, it can divide into application software and system software according to different states during operation. It can not only apply to the computer as a system program; but also It can refer to the corresponding management system, which is a part of the computer. From the perspective of development language, the software is an effective combination of programs, data, and documents. In addition, the software does not have a specific physical form; it is a virtual concept, and can only have a specific understanding of functions, characteristics, etc. through the running status.
In a sense, the software is an activity that penetrates mental labor and has a very close relationship with people’s logical thinking, intelligent activities, and technical level. It will not age and wear like hardware, but it also needs to stand maintained and updated. The dependence on the computer system environment is very large. From the current stage, software project management has become a popular industry; and it has certain research value in control and planning.
From the perspective of the software development process; it will go through six stages, namely the requirements analysis stage, outline design, detailed design, coding, testing, and installation & maintenance. This is a necessary process for software projects. Generally speaking, project management Refers to the effective management of the software development process as a whole.
First of all, software development needs to maintain a life cycle plan according to stages to ensure; the strictness of the management process, especially in the six-stage management process; they should maintain independence from each other and will not interfere with each other, after completing a period of supervision; the review work should stand done well to find out the possible problems in time.
On the other hand, in the process of project management, strict control technology should implement. Based on modern program design, different stages of review work can accurately stand carried out; and the practicality of software projects can continuously improve to realize theoretical and the two-way development of practice.
Configuration Management;
In software project management, the larger the scale and the richer the types of software; the more important the configuration management is. It refers to the management of software identification, control, and software change process in the process of software project development. There is a certain level of complexity and a high level of risk. First of all, judging from the current software development process, people’s requirements for product quality are getting higher and higher, and the scale of the program is constantly improving.
It is necessary to carry out all-around management work on the software, including maintenance and other aspects. Secondly, for the version of each software project, it should stand effectively identified; the focus of the management process should stand clarified; the configuration management work should stand formulated and improved in detail; and, the work tasks within the time limit should stand done well. On the other hand, in the process of configuration management, incremental storage can stand used to provide some modification functions to ensure permission settings.
The planning process of software project management;
In the process of software project management, writing a project management plan plays a very important role. It has a certain guiding role for the follow-up management work. It is necessary to arrange the schedule in the plan according to the actual situation and identify different resources. To improve the effective communication between different departments; and to understand the specific situation of the software project in general, it can divide into the following steps.
Start the software project;
Before formulating a project, the relevant personnel should have an effective understanding of the specific type and scale of the software project, strengthen communication and exchanges with relevant personnel, clarify the specific goals of project management in this process, and design the current plan. , to confirm the technical and management requirements involved in it promptly, to facilitate the follow-up work. To improve the application effect of software project management, before the project launch, a corresponding project team should establish, seminars should stand held, design work within the team should stand carried out, a deep understanding of the project goals, and unified arrangements for organizational forms and management methods should stand made.
Develop a project plan;
After the preparations for software project management stand done, the relevant personnel need to make specific settings for the management process, to organize, coordinate and control the development work of the software project. In the process of project planning, first of all, the staff should clarify the specific scope of the project, and provide specific solutions according to the needs. Generally speaking, they will consider different aspects of the project and make arrangements for the connection of management work. Secondly, the main purpose of formulating the software management project plan is to do a good job in the division of labor, to clarify the main factors affecting project management, and also the main basis for work assessment, to facilitate the unified management of relevant departments.
Tracking and control of the project plan;
After completing the preparation of the project plan, the relevant personnel also need to proceed from the actual situation of the software project, do a good job in the control of the progress, and effectively track and control the implementation process of the project according to specific requirements. During the process, arrangements should stand strengthened in all aspects, corresponding reports and records should provide, and the existing management model should adjust promptly according to the contract or the needs of users, to improve work efficiency on the premise of ensuring quality.
Principles of software project management quality control;
The principle of balance;
First of all, in the process of software project management; it is necessary to consider the perspective of the principle of balance and integrate the possible management and technical problems. Generally speaking, in this process, the input cost is reduced and the quality of software development is improved; to improve the existing development efficiency, and also the final direction of user needs. However, it should be noted that in the process of software project management, speed is what both users and developers want; but for the rapid start of the project, the results it brings may have certain disadvantages; so it should be from multiple angles. to understand.
The principle of high efficiency;
From the four elements of requirements, resources, progress, and quality, quality is the focus of software project management; but progress is also a very critical component. Many project decision-makers have special requirements for the progress cycle, especially for the current stage. For example, market competition is becoming more and more intense, and efficiency can represent the economy to a certain extent. In the process of management, it is necessary to reasonably select technical and management personnel; clarify the goals and scope of the current stage, and do a good job promptly. Communication work can also improve the enthusiasm of employees through some incentive mechanisms.
Specific measures for software project management quality control;
The quality in software project management is the soul of the work process; it reflects the matching and crossing between the project and the project requirements. The quality control work of software project management is a series of plans formulated to meet the overall requirements. Generally speaking, quality control in software project management can effectively ensure; the orderly progress of the work and reduce the occurrence of unexpected situations.
Establish quality policy and objectives;
In the process of software project management, quality does not mean that every indicator of the software in the development process must meet certain standards. It should consider from the perspective of contracts or user needs. If there are no quality requirements in certain aspects, you can consider ignoring the establishment of quality objectives, and try to consider it from the perspective of cost in the process of improving quality. In addition, for software project management, some quality indicators need to stand balanced and considered from the perspective of security.
Quality planning work;
For most quality control work, a quality plan needs to carry out before execution to ensure that it can use to its maximum benefit. First of all, the relevant personnel should clarify the quality policy at the current stage, put forward the final expectation of quality from the perspective of the contact party of the software project and the relevant decision-making part, etc., conduct investigation and research on the relevant documents, and analyze the implementation ability. On the other hand, the relevant personnel should also conduct a specific check on the quality management process in the project development process, clarify the possible influencing factors, strengthen the effective control in all aspects, determine whether the project meets certain quality standards, and take effective measures. measures to deal with.
Improve the quality of managers;
For the quality control of software project management; it is necessary to improve the comprehensive quality of managers, strengthen their awareness of quality and responsibility in the process of work, and clarify some theoretical and technical knowledge involved in the process of project implementation. It is also possible to set up a special software testing group to find out the quality problems existing in the software in time. For the current stage, some advanced technologies can also use to improve the existing work efficiency and effectively track the work process.
Conclusion
To sum up, software project management is an important part of the development process at this stage, and its application is very wide. From the perspective of principles, etc., strengthen the quality control work, to promote the further development of software project management.
Example of Software Project Management Plan (SPMP) and Control Method Essay; Photo by Felipe Furtado on Unsplash.
The Relationship and Difference between Internal Control and Risk Management; With the increasingly severe economic situation, the pressure on the survival and also the development of enterprises is increasing, and business risks are becoming more and more serious. To achieve sustainable and good development of enterprises, it is essential to have reasonable and complete internal control & scientific and effective risk management. Guarantee the sound development of enterprises occupies a position that cannot ignore.
Here are the articles to explain, What is the Relationship and Difference between Internal Control and Risk Management?
This article briefly introduces the connotation of internal control and risk management, compares the internal connection and essential differences between the two, and also proposes improvement measures on how to improve the efficiency of enterprise both. You may also like to read Analysis of Enterprise Risk Management and Macroeconomics.
Internal control refers to several control measures, plans, activities, and strategies that an enterprise adopts and implements within the enterprise to expand development results, improve operational efficiency, maximize the availability of resources, and achieve the vision of realizing the strategic goals of the enterprise. method etc. Risk refers to the impact of uncertainty on an objective.
Risk management refers to the identification, analysis, and evaluation of potential risk events that can affect the development of the enterprise, determining the size of the risk according to the possibility of risk occurrence and the degree of consequences, and weighing the benefits and costs of reducing risks. to determine which control measures to take to provide reasonable assurance that business objectives will achieve.
They are related and different. It is necessary to look at the relationship between the two dialectically, comprehensively, and accurately handle and utilize the interaction and influence of the two in operation and management, and escort the sustainable and healthy development of the enterprise.
The relationship between internal control and risk management;
From the point of view of the overlapping key elements, there is an inseparable and inseparable connection between the two. The two intersect each other, jointly affect the various business operations of the enterprise, and synergistically affect the development effect of the enterprise.
Consistent final purpose;
Reasonably ensure the realization of corporate goals. Both aim to provide reasonable assurance for the realization of corporate goals, ensure the rational operation of various activities of the company, and promote the healthy development of the company. The common purpose is to safeguard the interests of investors, protect the assets of the enterprise and also generate more meaningful value.
The two complement each other and work together to ensure the realization of corporate goals. The objectives of internal control and risk management mainly fall into three categories: reporting objectives, operational objectives, and compliance objectives. In addition, risk management also adds strategic objectives, which means that risk management focuses on the realization of corporate strategic objectives based on internal control.
Similar;
Dynamic process management represents a series of activities and processes, rather than results. Internal control emphasizes internal activities, risk management emphasizes management means, and both emphasize process management; which is dynamic management of time periodicity and process continuity, rather than a static state.
From the point of view of dynamic process management, the two are to provide a guarantee for the long-term development of the enterprise; which will stand continuously updated and improved with the development of the enterprise and will act on all stages of the enterprise’s development, not just limited to a certain period of.
Internal control lays a solid foundation and support for risk management;
From the perspective of historical evolution, internal control appeared earlier than risk management, and its development is relatively sound. From the perspective of the development process and management methods of risk management, risk prevention and avoidance are its ultimate goals, and this is the most basic function of internal control. Risk management must support by a powerful tool such as internal control. At present, the internal control of most enterprises is not perfect, and also enterprises face many risks in the process of development.
Only by strengthening and improving internal control can they better identify and control the occurrence of risk events. Based on improving internal control measures and systems, and further optimizing the internal environment and process nodes, the convenience and coordination of risk work can increase, the effect of risk work can improve, and all aspects of synergy can make all activities of the enterprise in the perfect risk management. The system carries out in an orderly manner to effectively prevent the occurrence of various risks and protect the interests of the company.
Risk management provides the basis and facilitates internal control;
As one of the five elements of internal control, risk assessment plays a crucial role in the rationality and effectiveness of internal control. Rational and effective internal control is inseparable from the prevention and also avoidance of risks, and the risk management work just provides convenient conditions for it. A sound risk management system can accurately identify, analyze and evaluate various potential risks in enterprise operations, and implement effective monitoring and early warning to facilitate the smooth operation of internal control.
With the continuous development of big data technology, the traditional internal control mode can no longer meet the development requirements of existing enterprises, and risk management has gradually become an indispensable part of enterprise development. Therefore, the “risk-oriented” internal control mode has gradually become a modern enterprise. inevitable choice.
The difference between internal control and risk management;
The scope of control is different;
Internal control is more about the internal control of the enterprise; mainly controlling and supervising the process and post-event effect to achieve its own goals; while risk management emphasizes the management and control of the overall risk of the enterprise, not only the internal risks of the enterprise; but also the external risks of the enterprise; which run through all stages and aspects of the management process, and more importantly; fully consider the existence of risks in advance, comprehensively identify various possible risk events, and at any time Maintain monitoring and control; so that all activities can be within the expected safety range; and there will be no unexpected accidents that cannot be dealt with and cause huge losses.
Different implementation methods;
Internal control is to carry out various orderly control matters through various integrated system specifications, activity processes, organizational structures, and execution mechanisms to ensure that various business activities of the enterprise are carried out by the established and effective process, Evaluate and monitor the risks in the process, and ultimately ensure the realization of enterprise development goals.
Risk management is mainly to use specific methods and technologies to test the possible risks (including internal risks and external risks) of various business activities of the enterprise, and to adopt different treatment methods for different risks tested to avoid their current and future possible risks. losses to the company’s interests. It is worth mentioning the identification and also control of opportunity risk. Opportunity risk is a special resource of enterprise management. If it stands properly controlled, it may bring unexpected benefits to the enterprise. A huge loss, possibly even fatal.
Different risk countermeasures;
Risk management emphasizes the active identification, evaluation, and judgment of risks, and pays more attention to the prevention of risks. Concepts and technical methods such as risk preference, risk tolerance, risk countermeasures, stress testing, and scenario analysis stand introduced into the comprehensive risk management framework, and various measures; such as control, avoidance, transfer, and assumption of risks stand adopted to reduce the risks of enterprises in operation. , thereby reducing losses. Internal control is responsible for important activities during and after risk management; such as risk assessment and control activities implemented therefrom, information and communication activities, supervision, and review and correction of defects.
Problems existing in internal control and risk management in enterprise operation;
Lack of innovation in the internal control model;
At present, the internal control of most enterprises is still in the traditional model; which lacks effective support in implementation and often fails to play a substantial role. For example, the internal control of many enterprises is still in the establishment of rules and regulations; thinking that internal control is only the establishment of various rules and regulations and operating norms. However, internal control is dynamic process management, not static result management.
It is necessary to change this understanding mode; apply it to the actual operation of the enterprise, and continuously innovate and improve in practice. For example, under the situation of rapid development of information technology; many enterprises have not applied information technology; especially big data technology to the construction of internal control; and have not been able to control the collection and analysis of data, scientific decision-making, and risk prevention, and cannot play a better role. ground control.
Weak risk awareness and lack of risk management system;
Enterprises will face various risks in the process of operation, which restrict the quality and speed of enterprise development; and require enterprises to have strong risk assessment and control capabilities. At this stage, some enterprises do not realize the importance of risk management to the long-term development of the enterprise, lack the awareness of risk management, and do not pay enough attention to the construction of the enterprise’s risk management system. Playing a substantive role, it is in name only, making enterprises unable to respond effectively when faced with risks, resulting in huge losses.
Separation of internal control and risk management;
There are many overlaps between the two in terms of connotation, elements, and goals. The two are complementary and can be linked together to provide guarantees for the realization of corporate goals. At this stage, internal control and risk management in enterprises are not linked together; but are independent of each other, and even each has no sound management system, which greatly reduces the effect. If the two are combined, it can achieve twice the result with half the effort; and it can also better adapt to the changing economic situation and technical conditions. For example, in the medical industry involving people’s health and safety, risk management is particularly urgent; and it may be more convenient for enterprises to lead internal control by risk management. to fit.
Suggestions on strengthening internal control and risk management of enterprises;
Suggestions 01;
Innovate the internal control model and establish a “risk-oriented” internal control With the continuous deepening of risk management, in the process of carrying out internal control work; it is necessary to deeply understand the relationship between risk management and internal control. It is necessary to strengthen the understanding of the “risk-led” internal control concept; focus on preventing various uncertain events that are likely to occur in the future; further, deepen and improve the internal control system, and thoroughly reform the internal control work.
A more targeted effect can make the internal control work more specific and effective. Comparatively speaking, risk management involves a more in-depth level and introduces many methods. At this stage, it is imperative to innovate the internal control model; and establish a new type of internal control to improve operational efficiency and promote corporate stability.
Suggestions 02;
Establish risk awareness and improve risk management system Facing the increasingly complex; and volatile market environment, enterprises must establish risk awareness; strengthen the risk thinking of leaders and employees, and strengthen the emphasis on risk management construction. Formulate risk management plans from the overall level of the enterprise; design the risk management process according to the existing organizational structure of the enterprise; and, define their respective functions at the same time to form the overall risk structure of the enterprise; implement a long-term mechanism for risk management, and establish a complete identification and analysis; and, monitoring and feedback systems to facilitate more efficient monitoring of the results and efficiency of risk management.
Suggestions 03;
Introducing and cultivating high-quality professional talents and improving employees’ business skills are the core of enterprise development. To effectively and effectively strengthen both, enterprises must introduce and cultivate relevant compound talents; increase the training of employees, improve their theoretical knowledge and business skills; and continuously improve their actual business capabilities, so that they can be combined with enterprises. According to its characteristics and actual situation, it proposes targeted solutions to contribute to internal control and risk management.
Conclusion;
Reasonable design and effective operation of internal control can ensure that; all activities of the enterprise are carried out in an orderly manner; so as not to cause emergencies that deviate from the normal operating procedures and bring unfavorable losses to the enterprise. Better and more comprehensive identification of risk events facilitates. A sound and complete risk management system can efficiently prevent, avoid and control the occurrence of various risks, reduce the possible threats promptly, discover the insufficiency of internal control, and strengthen the guarantee for more rationalization.
Enterprises should actively explore the application of internal control and risk management in practice. With the continuous improvement and improvement of each; the two should be both intersecting and independent and ultimately integrate into the operation of the enterprise. Therefore, enterprises should look at the connection and difference between the two from the perspective of connection and development; and integrate the two to ensure the stable operation of the enterprise, and even become bigger and stronger.
What is the Relationship and Difference between Internal Control and Risk Management? Photo by Soundtrap on Unsplash.
PPC (production planning and control) under different production systems: Process, Job, Intermittent, and Assembly Production Industry…No single system of production planning and control is good for all types of industries. The nature of PPC varies from firm to firm depending upon the type of production process. In the manufacturing industry, raw materials are covered into components, semi-finished products, and finished products. But some firms are engaged in the assembling of products. An assembling industry combines several components or parts to make the finished product, e.g. bicycle, typewriter, fan, scooter, etc.
The application of production planning and control to various types of products has been explained below:
PPC in Process Production Industry:
Production planning and control in the process industry are relatively simple. Routing is almost automatic and uniform because standardized techniques and specialized equipment are used in production processes. The product is standardized and goods are produced for stock. Therefore, scheduling is easy and department schedules can be prepared from the master schedule continuingly.
Dispatching involves repetitive orders issued to ensure a steady flow of materials through the plant. In the process industry, decentralized dispatching can be used so that each foreman can issue orders and instructions to each operator and machine under his charge as per the circumstances of his work-station.
The sequence of operations being uniform, responsibility for quality control can be delegated to individual production units to ensure that the products manufactured conform to the specifications laid down in advance. Thus, the main task of production planning and control in the process industry is the maintain a continuous and uniform flow of work at the predetermined rate so that there is full utilization of plant capacity and the work is completed in time. Therefore, it is known as “flow control”.
PPC in Job Production Industry:
Production planning and control are relatively difficult in the job production industry. Every order is of a different type and it entails a particular sequence of operations. There is not a standardized route plan and a new route has to be prepared for every order. Specific orders are assigned to different workstations according to the capacities available with them.
Production, schedules are drawn up according to relative urgency of the order. An order received later may have to be supplied earlier. Sometimes, it may not be possible to schedule all operations relating to order simultaneously. Dispatching and follow up are also order-oriented. For every order fresh instructions and follow up measures have to be undertaken. Therefore, production control is job production system may be called “Order control”.
PPC in Intermittent Production Industry:
In the case of intermittent production, raw materials are converted into components or parts for stock but they are combined according to the customer’s orders. The products are manufactured usually in large batches. Every batch differs from others but all units within a batch are identical. Several heterogeneous finished products are manufactured within a limited range of options.
Therefore, production planning and control in intermittent manufacturing is a mixture of those used in the process industry and job order production. There is a standardized component and production schedules are continuous. But the routes and schedules for intermediate operations have to be changed every time. To avoid delays and bottlenecks in the production process, great care needs to be taken in dispatching.
Before issuing orders and instructions need for new materials and tools, overloading and underloading of particular machines/operators and other problems must be anticipated. As the product is diversified and several orders are being handled simultaneously in different work-centers, follow up is a cumbersome task in intermittent manufacturing. Follow up may be organized either according to product or process. Follow up by-product is suitable for process or continuous production system.
Extra knowledge:
It is relatively simple because there is an automatic flow of work from one operation to another and the follow-up mart has simply to report and remove breakdown, delays, shortage of materials and tools that obstruct the smooth flow of production. But in the intermittent production system, follow up by process is used. In every department, the follow-up men check the progress of work passing through that department. The follow-up men do not require knowledge and information about all the departments.
But they have to be more alert as the flow of work from one operation to another is not automatic. Quality has to be controlled both during the manufacture of components and during their conversion into the finished product. In practice, a combination of flow and order controls known as block control may be used. Flow control is employed to produce standardized components and order control is used for the manufacture of finished products.
PPC in Assembly Production Industry:
In an assembly industry, there is a uniform sequence of repetitive operations but the number of components and their proportion to be assembled differ from one product to another. Once the sequence of operations has been decided, the efficiency depends upon the regular and timely supply of the required components.
The entire production line may be held up and machinery and men may remain idle on account of the non-availability of one single component at the proper time and in the required quantity. It is, therefore, essential to determine first of all the type and quantity of various components required at different stages in the assembling of a product. This will depend upon the nature and volume of a product to be assembled during a particular period.
Production schedules are drawn up for each product to achieve the targets of production. Assembly work for different products is assigned to various machines and operators according to their capacities and suitability. Instructions are issued in such a manner that the responsibility, for a particular product is fixed on specific employees. Follow up measures need to be taken to ensure that every product is being assembled as per the specifications and schedules laid down in advance.
Production Planning and Control; The function of production planning and control involves co-ordination and integration of the factors of production for optimum efficiency. Overall sales orders or plans must translate into specific schedules and assigned to occupy all work centers but overload none.
Here explain the top 6 important Steps in Production Planning and Control; you’ll understand them in simple words.
The job can be done formally, in which case elaborate charting and filing techniques are used; or it can be done informally with an individual’s thoughts and retention thereof supplanting tangible aids. In any case, the production planning and control function must be performed somehow by someone. The better the job that is done, the better the profit picture will be.
A successful production planning and control program minimizes the idleness of men and machines, optimizes the number of set-ups required, keeps in-process inventories at a satisfactory level, reduces materials handling and storage costs, and consequently permits quantity and quality production at low unit costs.
The basic phases or steps of production planning and control show and discuss below:
Routing:
Production routing involves the laying den of the path which works will follow and the order in which various operations will be carried out. It consists of the determination of operations through which the product must pass and the arrangement of operations in the sequence that will require a minimum of handling, transportation, storage, and deterioration through exposure.
It is the job of routing personnel to determine the production routes in the organization. A route for the movement of a manufacturing lot through the factory results from the determination of where each operation on a part, subassembly, or assembly is to perform. Routing may generalize or details, depending upon the quality of the product to manufacture, the production system in use, and other factors.
Generalized routing may establish either by building or by departments such as machine shop, assembly, or others. Detailed routing indicates the specific work station or a machine to use for each operation. Routing aims to determine an economical sequence of operations. Efficient routing permits the best utilization of physical human resources employed in production.
Extra knowledge:
Routing is an essential element of production control because other production control functions are dependent on the routing function. The persons who make out a list of operations must be thoroughly familiar with all the operations and various machines in the plant so that they can establish routes that will ensure maximum utilization of the plant and machinery. Also, the routing procedure depends on considerations of the type of work stations, characteristics of individual machines, needs of personnel, etc.
Routing in continuous industries does not present any problem because of the product type of layout where the equipment arrange as per the sequence of operations required to perform on the components (from raw material to the finished products). On the other hand, in open job shops, since every time a new job undertakes, the route sheet will have to revise which involves a lot of work and expertise.
In general, the following routing procedure follows:
Determining What to Make and What to Buy:
The product analysis, from the manufacturing point of view, to find out how many parts or components can manufacture in the plant and how many can purchase from outside directly. Also, the decision to make or buy a component depends on the relative cost involved, technical consideration, purchasing policies of the firm, and availability of equipment, and personnel. In general, during slack periods the decision takes to undertake maximum production to keep the men and machines busy. On the other hand, during prosperity, the sub-contracts give for any parts to relieve overburdened facilities.
Ascertaining the Requirements of Materials:
After the decision to manufacture takes, the production department decides the exact quantity and quality of materials required for the manufacture of the components or the product. A parts list and a bill of materials prepared to show the name of each part, quantity, material specifications, amount of materials required, etc. The necessary materials, thus, can procure.
Preparation of Route Sheet:
The chief paper which gives the details of what is to be done and how it will have to be done calls a route sheet. In other words, a route sheet is a tabular form on which the path that a particular item is to follow through production records. Route sheets prepare in advance of need and filed in the route file. A route sheet is to prepare for every production order showing the individual parts to complete for each finished product before any group can assemble.
Route sheets will contain the following details in full:
The works order No.
The number of pieces to make.
Symbol and classification of the part.
The lot sizes for each unit of production, if put through in lots.
List of operations for each part.
The definite sequence of operations.
Machine to use for each operation.
Materials that are necessary for a given operation, and.
The standard time for each operation.
A separate route sheet is necessary for each part or component of a works order. It may note that the number of pieces mentioned on the route sheet doesn’t need to be the same as required under any specified order; because in many cases some allowance has to make for spoilage, and additional pieces may need for stock, or as reserves for repairs, or as spares. While preparing a route sheet, it is essential to bear in mind that the route selected is the shortest and the most economical of all possible alternative routes.
Determining Lot Sizes:
When the work orders are received from the customers, it is necessary to determine the lot sizes to keep the route free and ready for smooth operations. This must be done with due reference to the length of operations, space occupied by the material while moving through the shop, and the requirements of the master schedule.
Determining Scrap Factors:
A scrap factor is the anticipated normal scrap encountered in the course of the manufacturing process. Also, the routing department should determine the amount of possible scrap and rejection in each order or lot. Usually, a margin of 5% to 10% keeps for such rejections.
Estimation of the cost of the Product:
The cost of the component or product analyzes and estimate through the information obtained in steps one to five above. The cost consists of material, wages, and other specific and indirect expenses.
Preparation of Production Control Forms:
To collect detailed information relating to production control, the production department prepares various forms such as job cards, inspection cards, move tickets, tool tickets, etc.
Loading:
Once the route has been established, the work can load against the selected machine. Loading deals with the amount of work assigned to a machine or a worker. It deals with the record of work-load of different shops. The total time required to perform the operations compute by multiplying the unit operation time given on the standard process sheet by the number of parts to the process.
The total time then adds to the work already planned for the work station. The process results in a tabulated list or chart showing the planned utilization of machines or work stations in the plant. From the chart, it is easy to assess the spare capacity of the plant. If the loading charts indicate sufficient spare capacity, efforts may direct through the sales department to obtained more orders for the utilization of spare capacity.
The underload of certain departments may also arise from ineffective planning. In such a case, the remedy lies in proper planning. But if, on the other hand, there is an overload in any workshop, action on any one or more of the following lines may take to relieve the bottleneck;
Arranging for overtime work.
Introducing an additional shift.
Transferring operations to another shop, and.
Sub-contracting of the excess load.
Scheduling:
The scheduling involves fixing priorities for different items and operations and providing for their release to the plant at the proper time. It establishes the time sequence of operations and indicates the time required for each job and operation. A schedule is a time-table of operations specifying the time and date when each job/operation is to start and complete.
Scheduling is, thus, the determination of the time that should require to perform each operation; and, also the time necessary to perform the entire series, as routed making allowance for all factors concerned. The objective of scheduling is to ensure that every job starts at the right time and complete before the delivery date. Scheduling and routing are inter-dependent and the two should, therefore, integrate properly.
It is difficult to prepare a schedule of production without determining the route or sequence of operations. Similarly, an efficient route for an item cannot determine without consulting the production schedule designed for it. To be effective, scheduling should be flexible and due provision should be made for contingencies like delay in the availability of materials, breakdown of machines, absence of key personnel, etc.
Dispatching:
The dispatching may define as the set of productive activities in motion through the release of orders and instructions; following previously planned timings as embodied on the operation sheet, route card, and loading schedules.
Dispatch provides official authorization and information for;
Movement of materials to different work stations.
Movement of tools and fixtures necessary for each operation.
Beginning of work on each operation.
Recording of beginning and completion time.
Movement of work following a routine schedule, and.
Control of the progress of all operations and making necessary adjustments in the release of operations.
Extra knowledge:
Dispatching requires co-ordination among all the departments concerned. This obtains through varying degrees of centralized control. Under centralized control, dispatch clerks, centrally located, release all orders including the movement of materials and tools necessary for the operations.
Under decentralized control, this responsibility handle by each department. In continuous manufacturing, under normal conditions, orders may dispatch to departments a day or more in advance of operations. Each department prepares its instructions and sends a duplicate copy to the central office.
Since duplicate copies received by the central office considerably in advance of operations; there is sufficient time for the recommendation of changes. If it is found that certain orders are being unduly delayed, a request may make for adjustments. However under abnormal conditions, when a company press by impatient customers; and, the plant load to capacity, emergency changes are more frequent.
A special rush order may require that operations start immediately and that other orders originally scheduled may be held temporarily. Under these circumstances, it is apparent that centralized control plays an important role in obtaining speed and co-ordination.
Expediting or Follow Up:
Expediting or follow up is the last step in production planning and control. It involves the determination of the progress of work, removing bottlenecks in the flow of work; and, ensuring that the production operations are taking place following the plans. Follow up or expediting is that branch of production control procedure that regulates the progress of materials and parts through the production process.
It spots delays or deviations from the production plans. It helps to reveal defects in routing and scheduling, misunderstanding of orders and instructions underloading or overloading of work, etc. All problems and deviations investigate and remedial measures are undertaken to ensure the completion of work by the planned date. Follow up serves as a catalytic agent to fuse the separate production activities into a unified whole.
It seeks to ensure that the promise backs up by performance and the work done is up to the pre-determined standards as to the quantity, quality, time, and cost. The responsibility for expediting usually gives to a separate group of persons known as “expeditors”. These people are “liaison men” or “go-betweens” who obtain information on the progress of work and attempt to achieve coordination among the different departments.
Corrective Action:
Corrective action needs to make effective the system of production planning and control. By resorting to corrective measures, the production manager maintains full control over the production activities. For instance, routing may be defective and the schedules may be unrealistic and rigid. The production manager should try to rectify the routes and lay down realistic and flexible schedules.
The workload of machines and workers should also determine scientifically. If schedules are not being met, the causes should fully investigate. It should also ensure that there is optimum utilization of the plant capacity. Sometimes, abnormal situations like strikes and break-down of machinery or power may upset the work schedules. The production manager should try to make up for the delays and adjust the schedules properly.
Systematic investigation of activities at various stages of production may also lead the production manager to revise the production targets, loads, and schedules. There is also a strong need for performance appraisal of all employees. Many a time, production schedules are not met in time or if they are met, the goods are of substandard quality. If the causes of these are due to the poor performance of the employees, certain personnel decisions like demotion, transfer, and training may be essential.
6 important Steps in Production Planning and Control, #Pixabay.
Production Planning and Control are interrelating and interdependent. Planning is meaningless unless control action takes to ensure the success of the plan. Control also provides information feedback which helps modify the existing plans and in making new plans.
Production Planning and Control: Objectives, Importance, and Limitations.
Similarly, control is dependent on planning as the standards of performance are laid down under planning. Therefore, they should consider an integrated function of planning to ensure the most efficient production and regulation of operations to execute the plans successfully.
They may define as the direction and coordination of the firm’s material and physical facilities towards the attainment of pre-specified production goals in the most efficient available way.
It is the process of planning production in advance of operations, establishing the exact route of each item, part, or assembly, setting starting and finishing dates for each important item or assembly and finished products, and releasing the necessary orders as well as initiating the required follow up to effectuate the smooth functioning of the enterprise.
Thus, they involve planning, routing, scheduling, dispatching, and expediting to coordinate the movements of materials, machines, and manpower as to the quantity, quality, time, and place. It is based upon the adage of “first plan your work and then work your plan”.
Objectives of Production Planning and Control:
The main objective of production planning and control is to ensure the coordinated flow of work so that the required number of products are manufactured in the required quantity and of the required quality at the required time at optimum efficiency.
In other words, production planning and control aimed at the following purposes:
Continuous Flow of Production:
It tries to achieve a smooth and continuous production by eliminating successfully all sorts of bottlenecks in the process of production through well-planned routing and scheduling requirements relating to production work.
Planned Requirements of Resources:
It seeks to ensure the availability of all the inputs i.e. materials, machines, tools, equipment, and manpower in the required quantity, of the required quality, and at the required time so that desired targets of production may achieve.
Coordinated work Schedules:
The production activities plan and carries out in a manufacturing organization as per the master schedule. They try to ensure that the schedules to issue to the various departments/ units/supervisors are in coordination with the master schedule.
Optimum Inventory:
It aims at minimum investment in inventories consistent with the continuous flow of production.
Increased Productivity:
It aims at increased productivity by increasing efficiency and being economical. This achieves by optimizing the use of productive resources and eliminating wastage and spoilage.
Customer Satisfaction:
It also aims at satisfying customers’ requirements by producing the items as per the specifications or desires of the customers. It seeks to ensure the delivery of products on time by coordinating the production operations with customers’ orders.
Production and Employment Stabilization:
They aim at ensuring production and employment levels that are relatively stable and consistent with the number of sales.
Evaluation of Performance:
The process of production planning and control expects to keep a constant check on operations by judging the performance of various individuals and workshops and taking suitable corrective measures if there is any deviation between planned and actual operations.
Importance of Production Planning and Control:
The system of production planning and control serves as the nervous system of a plant. It is a coordinating agency to coordinate the activities of engineering, purchasing, production, selling, and stock control departments. An efficient system of production planning and control helps in providing better and more economic goods to customers at a lower investment. It is essential in all plants irrespective of their nature and size.
The principal advantages or importance of production planning and control summarize below:
Better Service to Customers:
They, through proper scheduling and expediting of work, help in providing better services to customers in terms of a better quality of goods at reasonable prices as per promised delivery dates. Delivery in time and proper quality, both help in winning the confidence of customers, improving relations with customers, and promoting profitable repeat orders.
Fewer Rush Orders:
In an organization, where there is an effective system, production operations move smoothly as per original planning and matching with the promised delivery dates. Consequently, there will be fewer rush orders in the plant and less overtime than, in the same industry, without adequate.
Better Control of Inventory:
A sound system helps in maintaining inventory at proper levels and, thereby, minimizing investment in inventory. It requires a lower inventory of work-in-progress and less finished stock to give efficient service to customers. It also helps in exercising better control over raw-material inventory, which contributes to more effective purchasing.
More Effective Use of Equipment:
An efficient system makes for the most effective use of equipment. It provides information to the management regularly about the present position of all orders in process, equipment, and personnel requirements for the next few weeks. The workers can communicate well in advance if any retrenchment, lay-offs, transfer, etc. are likely to come about. Also, unnecessary purchases of equipment and materials can avoid. Thus, it is possible to ensure proper utilization of equipment and other resources.
Reduced Idle Time:
They help in reducing idle time i.e. loss of time by workers waiting for materials and other facilities; because it ensures that materials and other facilities are available to the workers in time as per the production schedule. Consequently, fewer man-hours are lost, which has a positive impact on the cost of production.
Improved Plant Morale:
An effective system coordinates the activities of all the departments involved in the production activity. It ensures an even flow of work and avoids rush orders. It avoids “speeding up” of workers and maintains healthy working conditions in the plant. Thus, there improve plant morale as a by-product.
Good Public Image:
A proper system helps keep systematized operations in an organization. Such an organization is in a position to meet its orders in time to the satisfaction of its customers. Customers’ satisfaction leads to increased sales, increased profits, industrial harmony, and, ultimately, the good public image of the enterprise.
Lower Capital Requirements:
Under a sound system, everything relating to the production plan is well in advance of operations. Where, when, and what requires in the form of input knows before the actual production process starts. Inputs make available as per schedule which ensures an even flow of production without any bottlenecks. Facilities use more effectively and inventory levels keep as per schedule neither more nor less. Thus, helps, in minimizing capital investment in equipment and inventories.
Limitations of Production Planning and Control:
Undoubtedly, their system is a must for efficient production management; but in, practice, sometimes, it fails to achieve the expected results because of the following limitations.
The principal disadvantages or limitations of production planning and control summarize below:
Lack of Sound Basis:
They are based on certain assumptions or forecasts about the availability of inputs like materials, power, equipment, etc., and customers’ orders. In case these assumptions and forecasts do not go right, their system will become ineffective.
Rigidity in Plant’s Working:
They may be responsible for creating rigidity in the working of the plant. Once the production planning has been completed, any subsequent change may resist by the employees.
Time-consuming Process:
Production planning is a time-consuming process. Therefore, under emergencies, it may not be possible to go through the process of production planning.
Costly Device or machine:
It is not only a time-consuming process but is a costly process also. Its effective implementation requires the services of specialists for performing functions of routing, scheduling, loading, dispatching, and expediting. Small firms cannot afford to employ specialists for the efficient performance of these functions.
External Limitations:
Their effectiveness is sometimes limited because of external factors which are beyond the control of the production manager, Sudden break-out of war, government control, natural calamities, change in fashion, change in technology, etc. are factors that harm the implementation of them.
Production Planning and Control: Objectives, Importance, and Limitations, #Pixabay.
Production Control: Meaning, Levels, Factors, and Objectives…All organizations irrespective of size, use production control to some degree. In small organizations, the production control may be performed by one person; but in large complex industries, the production control department is normally well-organized and highly specialized.
Production control presupposes the existence of production plans, and it involves the use of various control techniques to ensure product performance as per plans. Coordinating men and materials and machines are the task of production control.
Meaning and Definition of Production Control:
Production control may define as;
“The process of planning production in advance of operations; establishing the exact route of each individual item, part of assembly; setting, starting and finishing dates for each important item, assembly, and the finished products, and releasing the necessary orders as well as initiating the required follow-up to effective the smooth functioning of the enterprise.”
According to Henry Fayol as;
“Production control is the art and science of ensuring that all which occurs is following the rules established and the instructions issued.”
Thus, production control regulates the orderly flow of materials in the manufacturing process from the raw material stage to the finished product.
Production control aims at achieving production targets, optimum use of available resources, increased profits through productivity, better and more economic goods and services, etc. An effective production control system requires reliable information, sound organization structure, a high degree of standardization and trained personnel for its successful operation.
A sound production control system contributes to the efficient operation of a plant. In terms of manufacturing customer’s orders, production control assures a more positive and accurate completion and delivery date. Delivering an order on time is important to the customer and the development of customer goodwill. Production control also brings the plan and order to chaotic and haphazard manufacturing procedures.
This not only increases plant efficiency but also makes it a more pleasant place in which to work. Most people recognize that employees prefer to work and do better work under conditions of obvious control and plan. Morale may be considerably improved.
Effective production control also maintains working inventories at a minimum, making possible a real saving in both labor and material investment. Thus, good production control helps a company operate and produce more efficiently and achieve the lowest possible costs.
Levels of Production Control:
Production control starts with some particular goal and formulation of some general strategy for the accomplishment of desired objectives.
There are three levels of production control namely programming, ordering, and dispatching. They are;
Programming plans the output of products for the factory as a whole.
Ordering plans the output of components from the suppliers and processing departments.
Dispatching considers each processing department in turn and plans the output from the machine, tools and other work centers to complete the orders by the due date.
Factors that determine production control operations:
The kinds of production control operations vary from organization to organization.
The following factors affect the kinds and magnitude of production control methods in an organization:
Kinds of production:
In job-oriented manufacturing, products and operations are designed for some particular order which mayor may not be repeated in the future. Here production usually requires more time, whereas in a continuous manufacturing system inventory problems are more complex but control operations are rather simple due to fixed process. In mixed stock and custom manufacturing systems, the problem of control is further complicated due to the simultaneous scheduling of the combined process.
Kinds of operations/activities:
In intermittent manufacturing system, the operations are markedly varied in terms of their nature, sequence, and duration. Due to this the control procedure requires continuous modifications and adjustments to suit the requirements of each order.
The magnitude of operations:
Centralized control secures the most effective coordination but as an organization grows in size, decentralization of some production control function becomes necessary. The degree to which the performance of an activity should be decentralized depends upon the scope of operations and convenience of their locations.
Objectives of Production Control:
The success of an enterprise greatly depends on the performance of its production control department. The major objective of production control is to gain maximum output from minimum input of resources. Production control regulates the orderly flow of material from the raw stage to finish the stage. It highlights the control mechanism based on the flow of material throughout the organization.
The production control department generally has to perform the following functions:
Provision of raw material, equipment, machines, and labor.
The resources are used in the best possible manner in such a way that the cost of production is minimized and the delivery date is maintained.
To organize production schedules in conformity with the demand forecasts.
Determination of economic production runs to reduce setup costs.
Proper coordination of the operations of various sections/ departments responsible for production.
It is also responsible for product design and development.
To ensure regular and timely supply of raw material at the desired place and of prescribed quality and quantity to avoid delays in production.
To perform an inspection of semi-finished and finished goods and use quality control techniques to ascertain that the produced items are of required specifications.
Thus the fundamental objective of production control is to regulate and control the various operations of the production process in such a way that orderly flow of material is ensured at different stages of the production and the items are produced of the right quality in the right quantity at the right time with minimum efforts and cost.
Extra things:
Another objective of Production control is proper tooling and plant layout. A sequential arrangement of plant and machinery leads to minimizing delays and less wastage due to the transfer of material from one place to another. It has an objective of routing a work within the factory. Production control also regulates inventory management and organizes production schedules.
Major functions of production control are to offer assemblies and products of needed quality and quantity at the precise time and harmonize, scrutinize and feedback to manufacturing management, offer maximum uses of resources and accomplish major objective to cut down cost and trustworthy consumer services.
Water pollution can define as an alteration in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water making it unsuitable for designated use in its natural state. After, Air Pollution, Noise Pollution maybe you’ll like to know about another Pollution. If yes? So, this article explains Water Pollution, and its topics – sources, effects, and control. Also, water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater).
Here is article explains the Water Pollution and their topics; Sources, Effects, and Control.
Also, water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water, and in almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations but also to the natural communities.
Sources of Water Pollution:
Water is an essential commodity for survival. We need water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, irrigation, and industrial operations. Most of the water for such uses comes from rivers, lakes, or groundwater sources. Also, Water has the property to dissolve many substances in it; therefore, it can easily get polluted. Point sources or non-point sources can cause pollution of water. Point sources are specific sites near water, which directly discharge effluents into them.
After Air pollution, the types of pollution one of them. Major point sources of water pollution are industries, power plants, underground coal mines, offshore oil wells, etc. Also, The discharge from non-point sources is not at any particular site; rather, these sources are scattered, which individually or collectively pollute water. Surface run-off from agricultural fields, overflowing small drains, rainwater sweeping roads, and fields, atmospheric deposition, etc. are the non-point sources of water pollution.
1] Ground-water pollution:
Ground-water forms about 6.2% of the total water available on planet earth and is about 30 times more than surface water (streams, lakes, and estuaries). Also, ground-water seems to be less prone to pollution as the soil mantle through which water passes helps to retain various contaminants due to its cation exchange capacity.
However, there are several potential sources of ground-water pollution. Septic tanks, industry (textile, chemical, tanneries), deep well injection, mining, etc. are mainly responsible for ground-water pollution, which is irreversible. Ground-water pollution with arsenic, fluoride, and nitrate are posing serious health hazards.
2] Surface water pollution:
The major sources of surface water pollution are:
Sewage: Pouring the drains and sewers in freshwater bodies causes water pollution. The problem is severe in cities.
Industrial effluents: Industrial wastes containing toxic chemicals, acids, alkalis, metallic salts, phenols, cyanides, ammonia, radioactive substances, etc. are sources of water pollution. They also cause thermal (heat) pollution of water.
Synthetic detergents: Synthetic detergents used in washing and cleaning produce foam and pollute water.
Agrochemical: Agrochemical like fertilizers (containing nitrates and phosphates) and pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.) washed by rainwater and surface run-off pollute water.
Oil: Oil spillage into seawater during drilling and shipment pollute it.
Waste heat: Waste heats from industrial discharge increases the temperature of water bodies and affects the distribution and survival of sensitive species.
Effects of Water Pollution:
Following are some important effects of various types of water pollutants:
1] Oxygen demanding wastes:
Microorganisms present in water decompose organic matter, which reaches water bodies. For this degradation oxygen dissolved in water consume. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen dissolved in a given quantity of water at a particular temperature and atmospheric pressure. The amount of dissolved oxygen depends on aeration, photosynthetic activity in the water, respiration of animals and plants and ambient temperature.
The saturation value of DO varies from 8-15 mg/L. For active fish species (trout and Salmon) 5-8 mg/L of DO require whereas less desirable species like carp can survive at 3.0 mg/L of DO. Lower DO may be harmful to animals especially fish populations. Oxygen depletion (deoxygenating) helps in the release of phosphates from bottom sediments and causes eutrophication.
2] Nitrogen and Phosphorus Compounds (Nutrients):
The addition of compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus helps in the growth of algae and other plants which when die and decay consume oxygen of water. Under anaerobic conditions, foul-smelling gases are producing. Excess growth or decomposition of plant material will change the concentration of CO2, which will further change the pH of water. Changes in pH, oxygen, and temperature will change many Physico-chemical characteristics of water.
3] Pathogens:
Many wastewaters, especially sewage, contain many pathogenic (disease-causing) and non- pathogenic microorganisms and many viruses. Waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, jaundice, etc. are spread by water contaminated with sewage.
4] Toxic Compounds:
Pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, cyanides and many other organic and inorganic compounds are harmful to aquatic organisms. Some of these substances like pesticides, methyl mercury, etc. move into the bodies of organisms from the medium in which these organisms live. Substances like DDT are not water-soluble and have an affinity for body lipids. These substances tend to accumulate in the organism’s body.
This process calls bioaccumulation. Also, The concentration of these toxic substances builds up at successive levels of the food chain. This process calls biomagnifications. Toxic substances polluting the water ultimately affect human health. Some heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium cause various types of diseases. Mercury dump into water transforms into water-soluble methyl mercury by bacterial action. Methyl mercury accumulates in fish.
Extra knowledge:
In 1953, people in Japan suffered from the numbness of body parts, vision and hearing problems, and abnormal mental behavior. This disease called Minamata disease occurred due to the consumption of methyl mercury-contaminated fish caught from Minamata bay in Japan. The disease claimed 50 lives and permanently paralyzed over 700 persons. Pollution by another heavy metal cadmium had caused the disease called Itai-Itai in the people of Japan.
The disease was caused by cadmium contaminating rice. The rice fields were irrigated with effluents of zinc smelters and drainage water from mines. In this disease bones, liver, kidney, lungs, pancreas, and thyroid are affecting. Also, Arsenic pollution of groundwater in Bangladesh and West Bengal is causing various types of abnormalities. Nitrate when present in excess in drinking water causes blue baby syndrome or methemoglobinemia. The disease develops when a part of hemoglobin converts into a non-functional oxidized form.
Nitrate in the stomach partly gets changed into nitrites, which can produce cancer-causing products in the stomach. Excess of fluoride in drinking water causes defects in teeth and bones to call fluorosis. Also, Pesticides in drinking water ultimately reach humans and are known to cause various health problems. DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, etc. have, therefore, been banned. Recently, in Andhra Pradesh, people suffered from various abnormalities due to the consumption of endosulfan contaminated cashew nuts.
Water Pollution: Sources, Effects, and Control.
Control of Water Pollution:
It is easy to reduce water pollution from point sources by legislation. However, due to the absence of defined strategies, it becomes difficult to prevent water pollution from non-point sources.
The following points may help in reducing water pollution from non-point sources:
Judicious use of agrochemical likes pesticides and fertilizers, which will reduce their surface run-off and leaching. Avoid the use of these on sloped lands.
Use of nitrogen-fixing plants to supplement the use of fertilizers.
Adopting integrated pest management to reduce reliance on pesticides.
Prevent run-off of manure. Divert such a run-off to the basin for settlement. Also, nutrient-rich water can use as fertilizer in the fields.
Separate drainage of sewage and rainwater should provide to prevent the overflow of sewage with rainwater.
Planting trees would reduce pollution by sediments and will also prevent soil erosion.
For controlling water pollution from point sources – the treatment of wastewater is essential before discharge.
Wastewater should properly treat by primary and secondary treatments to reduce the BOD, COD levels up to the permissible levels for discharge.
Advanced treatment for the removal of nitrates and phosphates will prevent eutrophication. Before the discharge of wastewater – it should disinfect to kill disease-causing organisms like bacteria.
Proper chlorination should finish preventing the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons or ozone or ultraviolet radiation should do disinfection.
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